Adolescent Wellness Visits in Tanzania

In most low-resource country settings, there is no routine clinic-based adolescent health check-up after the recommended child wellness visits end at age 5. Adolescents in low-resource settings need a preventative health service platform applicable for all young people that promotes a culture of health-seeking behavior. This study evaluates the impact of Adolescent Wellness Visits (AWVs), a new health service platform, for reaching young adolescents with HIV testing and counseling (HTC) and other evidence-based prevention services which are clinic-based and school-facilitated. AWVs could meet the reproductive health needs of at-risk adolescents and have a larger public health impact for all adolescents on access to traditionally neglected and under-treated health conditions such as poor nutrition, and vision, dental, and mental health problems at the time of delivery as well as in the future as adolescents continue with more timely service utilization.

The AWV is designed to be delivered during the last year of primary school when school attendance is high, and adolescents are on the cusp of puberty (mean age 13). This project is a collaboration between the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in the United States (prime), Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, and Duke University in the United States.

Specific Aims are:

• To assess the impact of Adolescent Wellness Visits on HTC (for all adolescents; primary outcome) and contraceptive uptake (for a sexually active subset) up to two years post-primary school via a cluster randomized controlled trial (20 school-clinic pairs: 10 intervention + 10 control; n= approximately 1500 adolescents);
• To evaluate factors that support or limit implementation of the AWV model and fidelity/adherence to implementation of the proposed package of evidence-based practices included in the AWV by utilizing 24 focus group discussions (FGDs) with implementers and 60 semi-structured interviews (IDIs) with key informants; and
• To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of AWVs on two key health behavioral outcomes: uptake of HTC for all adolescents, and reductions in unmet need for contraception among sexually active adolescents.

Methodology:

Participants: Up to 1,500 adolescents in the seventh and final grade of primary school; about 650 for each randomized study arm (10 intervention schools + 10 control schools).

Study design: Investigators will implement this cluster RCT with 10 intervention schools and 10 control schools. Randomization occurs at the school level and both adolescent assent and parental consent will be obtained for all participants. There are 4 data collection timepoints (baseline, follow-up 1, follow-up 2, follow-up 3/endline). At baseline, for control schools, adolescents will be interviewed at their schools or in the community while for intervention schools, adolescents will be interviewed before and after their AWV at the clinic. The AWV intervention will involve a single adolescent wellness visit to a public health facility within a walking distance (1 Km) that offers a package of government-approved, evidence-based youth-friendly services (screenings for nutrition, vision, dental pain, mental health, puberty and contraception information and counseling, syndromic sexually transmitted infection screening, and optional HIV testing) in Dar es Salaam and Pwani regions in Tanzania. All children (intervention and control) will be given a Tanzanian government endorsed Puberty Book and encouraged to ask questions to teachers/parents and guardians (intervention participants will also have the opportunity to ask questions with clinical staff during AWV). Follow-interviews with adolescents will be community-based.

Direct observations coupled with FGDs and IDIs (perspectives of parents, direct providers of health and education services and other key stakeholders), will describe factors that support or limit implementation of the AWV model including fidelity/adherence to components of the evidence-based package.

Inclusion criteria

• At enrollment, must be a student in the seventh and final year of primary school.

Exclusion criteria

• Youth that are out of school at the time of enrollment.