Adolescent and Child Suicide Prevention in Routine Clinical Encounters

The investigators will conduct a hybrid type III effectiveness-implementation trial using a longitudinal cluster randomized design to test the most effective way to implement S.A.F.E. Firearm among 30 clinics, 158 clinicians, and 48,475 youth nested in two Mental Health Research Network (MHRN) health systems in Michigan and Colorado. Clinics will be randomized to receive either the EHR implementation strategy (Nudge) or the EHR implementation strategy plus 1 year of facilitation to target implementation barriers (Nudge+).

Aim 1: Examine the effects of Nudge vs. Nudge+ on implementation outcomes.

• Reach: The investigators hypothesize that clinician-documented program delivery in the EHR (reach; primary outcome) will be superior in the Nudge+ condition compared to Nudge in the active and sustainment periods.
• Fidelity: The investigators hypothesize that parent-reported clinician fidelity to the program will be superior in the Nudge+ condition compared to Nudge in the active and sustainment periods.
• Cost: The investigators will also assess implementation strategy cost.
• Cable Locks/Acceptability: The investigators hypothesize that the Nudge+ condition will result in increased rates of cable lock distribution and higher acceptability compared with Nudge in both the active and sustainment periods.

Aim 2: Use mixed methods to identify implementation strategy mechanisms. The investigators hypothesize that Nudge+ will have a stronger effect because it will improve clinic adaptive reserve (i.e., the ability to make and sustain change). The investigators will also investigate the role of clinician motivation. The investigators hypothesize that clinician attitudes towards firearm counseling, clinician burnout, and clinician demographics will moderate implementation strategy effectiveness.

Aim 3: Examine the effects of the adapted intervention on clinical outcomes. The investigators hypothesize that Nudge+ will result in a greater proportion of parents reporting that they made firearm(s) less accessible to their child(ren) compared with Nudge. The investigators will explore rates of youth suicide attempts, deaths, and unintentional firearm injury and mortality by implementation condition and across time.

Inclusion criteria

Parents

• Parents and/or legal guardians (hereafter referred to as parents) at participating pediatric clinics who have a child age 5-17 who attends a well visit. At least one parent must attend the well visit to be eligible. The parent must be at least 18 years old to participate.

Exclusion criteria

Parents

• Due to translation costs and challenges of recruiting non-US resident participants, respectively, non-English speaking parents and non-US resident parents will not be eligible to participate at Henry Ford Health System.

Inclusion criteria

Clinicians and leaders

• Pediatric physicians and non-physician clinicians (hereafter referred to as clinicians) employed within the participating pediatric clinics, as well as health system leaders employed within the two health systems, are eligible to participate. Family medicine clinicians who see pediatric patients in participating clinics at Kaiser Permanente Colorado will also be eligible.

Exclusion criteria

Clinicians and leaders

• At Kaiser Permanente Colorado, family medicine clinicians whose patient panel is comprised of fewer than 5% pediatric patients will be excluded.
• Family medicine clinicians who see pediatric patients in participating clinics at Henry Ford Health System will be excluded.