Adipose Tissue Gene Expression and Metabolomics Links to the Gut Microbiome-brain Axis

Mean and standard deviation of glucose measures in mg/dL using a CGM 10 days.

Low blood glucose index (LBGI) is a parameter that quantifies the risk of glycaemic.

measured in mg/dl

Mean and standard deviation of minutes' light sleep measures by activity and sleep tracker device.

Mean and standard deviation of minutes' deep sleep measures by activity and sleep tracker device.

Mean and standard deviation of minutes REM measures by activity and sleep tracker device.

It will be measured by California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT). Minimum/maximum scale values (0-16), where 16 is a better audioverbal memory.

Gut microbiota will be analysed by metagenomics and metabolomics.

It will be measured by Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure. Minimum/maximum scale values (0-36), where 36 is a better visual memory.

It will be measured by Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Minimum/maximum scale values (0-27), where ≥ 20 is severe depression.

It will be measured by Impulsive Behaviour Scale (UPPS-P). The test evaluates: Negative urgency (tendency to act rashly under extreme negative emotions), Lack of Premeditation (tendency to act without thinking), Lack of Perseverance (inability to remain focused on a task) and Sensation Seeking (tendency to seek out novel and thrilling experiences). All items are rated on a four point scale from 1 (strongly agree) to 4 (strongly disagree).

It will be measured by Yale Food Addiction Scale. It is a symptom score from 0-11, based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) criteria, for substance dependence. Food addiction is diagnosed if ≥3 symptoms are reported.

It will be measured by Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward (SPSRQ). The scale of Sensitivity to Punishment is related to the behavioural inhibition system. It is made up of two subscales of 24 items each. For each subscale, the minimum score is 0 and the maximum score is 24, with higher scores indicating greater sensitivity to punishment or reward, respectively.

It will be measured by Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward (SPSRQ). The reward sensitivity scale is related to the behavioural activation system. The questionnaire consists of two subscales of 24 items each. Each subscale ranges from 0 (minimum) to 24 (maximum), where a higher score indicates greater sensitivity to reward or punishment, respectively.

It will be measured by Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure. Minimum/maximum scale values (0-36), where 36 is a better visoconstructive function.

It will be measured by Trail making test (Part A and B).

It will be measured by the Digits subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV). This subtest includes two parts: Digits Forward (measuring attention) and Digits Backward (measuring working memory). The total raw score ranges from 0 (minimum) to 30 (maximum), with higher scores indicating better attention and working memory capacity.

It will be measured by Stroop Color-Word Test.

It will be measured by PMR.

It will be measured by Animals test. The person must name as many animals as possible in 1 minute. The result is corrected by standard scores, according to age and level of education.

It will be measured by Picture of Facial Recognition Test (POFA).

It will be measured by Benton Facial Recognition Test (BFRT). This test evaluates the recognition of the five basic emotions: happiness, sadness, surprise, disgust, and anger.

It will be measured by Binge Eating Scale (BES). The BES is one of the most widely used measures to assess binge eating disorder symptomatology. The BES score ranges from 0 to 46 and its cut-off point is greater than or equal to 27. Subjects with scores higher than 27 are more likely to suffer from binge eating disorder.

It will be measured by State-Trate Anxiety Inventory (STAI). This questionnaire evaluates state anxiety (S) and trait anxiety (R) through 20 items each, with a likert-type response scale of four alternatives. In the case of state anxiety, the scale goes from 0 (not at all) to 3 (a lot), while for trait anxiety it goes from 0 (almost never) to 3 (almost always). The higher the score, the greater the anxiety in both concepts.

Brain structure will be assessed using magnetic resonance imaging.

Diffusion Tensor Imaging was acquired at 1.5 T (Philips ingenia) using a single-shot spin echo sequence with echo-planar imaging (EPI), 50 contiguous slices, voxel size 2x2x2.5 mm3, TE/TR of 72/3581 ms/ms, a diffusion-weighting factor b = 800 s/mm2 and diffusion encoding along 32 directions.

It will be assessed using magnetic resonance imaging using (R2*)

It will be assessed using magnetic resonance imaging (T2*-weighted echo-planar imaging). T2 * relaxation data will be acquired with a multi-echo gradient sequence with 10 equidistant echoes (first echo = 4.6ms; echo spacing = 4.6ms; repetition time = 1300ms). The value of T2 * will be calculated by adjusting the simple exponential terms for the signal decay of the respective echo time values.

It will be measured by HOMA

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)

Glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in % or mmol/mol

Mean and standard deviation of burned calories measures by activity and sleep tracker device.

The mean and standard deviation of steps refer to the average number of steps taken by a participant and how much those steps vary from the average, as measured by an activity and sleep tracker device. The mean is the average, while the standard deviation shows the variation or consistency in step count.

Mean and standard deviation of minutes' null activity measures by activity and sleep

Mean and standard deviation of minutes slight activity measures by activity and sleep

Mean and standard deviation of minutes mean activity measures by activity and sleep tracker device.

Mean and standard deviation of minutes high activity measures by activity and sleep tracker device.

Mean and standard deviation of calories measures by activity and sleep tracker device.

Mean and standard deviation of minutes asleep measures by activity and sleep tracker.

Mean and standard deviation of minutes awake measures by activity and sleep tracker.