Adapted Table Tennis for Disabilities

Static grip strength test

FVC is the total volume of air that can be forcefully and completely exhaled after a full inspiration. It is measured in liters (L) using a digital spirometer. Higher values indicate greater lung volume and better respiratory capacity.

This outcome measures the maximal distance a participant can travel in 6 minutes on a hard, flat surface. Depending on the participant's ambulatory ability, this was conducted either by walking (6-Minute Walk Test) or by propelling a manual wheelchair (6-Minute Push Test). The total distance is recorded in meters (m). Higher values indicate better cardiopulmonary endurance and functional mobility.

chair sit-and-reach test

Waist circumference will be measured using a flexible, non-stretchable anthropometric tape. The measurement is taken at the midpoint between the lower margin of the last palpable rib and the top of the iliac crest (or at the level of the umbilicus, depending on your exact protocol). The data will be reported as a continuous variable in centimeters (cm). This measurement serves as an indicator of central adiposity and body composition changes.

The GAD-7 is a self-administered questionnaire used to assess the severity of generalized anxiety disorder symptoms. It consists of 7 items, with each item scored from 0 (not at all) to 3 (nearly every day). The total aggregated score ranges from 0 to 21. Higher scores indicate greater severity of anxiety symptoms (Score guidelines: 0-4 minimal, 5-9 mild, 10-14 moderate, 15-21 severe anxiety).

Bone mineral density of the whole body (or specific regions such as lumbar spine and femoral neck) will be measured using Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA). The outcome is reported in grams per square centimeter (g/cm^2). Higher values indicate stronger, denser bones and a lower risk of osteopenia or osteoporosis.

A comprehensive blood panel will be drawn to evaluate general health and physiological safety. The panel includes metabolic markers (HbA1C), lipid profile (Total cholesterol, Triglycerides, HDL, LDL), renal function and electrolytes (BUN, Cr, uric acid, Na, K, Ca, Mg), liver enzymes (GPT, GOT), complete blood count (CBC), albumin, CRP, and Vitamin D. The outcome is reported as the total number of participants exhibiting clinically significant abnormal values outside the standard laboratory reference ranges.

FEV1 is the maximal volume of air exhaled in the first second of a forced expiration from a position of full inspiration. It is measured in liters (L) using a digital spirometer. Higher values indicate better pulmonary function and airway patency.

This outcome calculates the ratio of Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second (FEV1) to Forced Vital Capacity (FVC). It is expressed as a percentage (%). It serves as a clinical indicator of airway obstruction, with higher values generally indicating better respiratory mechanics.

Total body lean mass (which includes muscle mass and excludes fat and bone mineral content) will be measured using Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA). The outcome is reported in kilograms (kg). Higher values indicate greater muscle mass, reflecting positive structural adaptations to the adapted sports intervention.

Total body fat percentage will be measured using Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA). The outcome is calculated as fat mass divided by total body mass and reported as a percentage (%). This metric is used to evaluate changes in body composition and metabolic health.

This outcome measures the electrophysiological latencies of the bilateral median and ulnar nerves using nerve conduction studies. The parameters include sensory nerve action potential (SNAP) latency, distal motor latency (DML), and minimum F-wave latency. All latency measurements are recorded and reported in milliseconds (ms). Prolonged latencies serve as objective indicators of focal nerve entrapment (such as carpal or cubital tunnel syndrome) or proximal conduction delays.

This outcome measures both the sensory nerve conduction velocity (SNCV) and motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) of the bilateral median and ulnar nerves using nerve conduction studies. All velocities are recorded and reported in meters per second (m/s). A decrease in conduction velocity may indicate potential nerve demyelination or early nerve compression associated with wheelchair use or adapted sports.

Upper limb nerve conduction studies (NCS) will be performed to assess the presence of median neuropathy (e.g., carpal tunnel syndrome) or ulnar neuropathy. The outcome is reported as the total number of participants diagnosed with either pathology based on abnormal electrophysiological findings. This evaluates the neurological safety associated with the wheelchair/adapted sports intervention.

Musculoskeletal ultrasound of the bilateral shoulders will be performed to assess the presence or absence of rotator cuff tears (full-thickness or partial-thickness). The outcome is reported as the total number of participants exhibiting this pathology. This parameter serves to evaluate the musculoskeletal safety and potential overuse injury associated with the intervention.

Musculoskeletal ultrasound of the bilateral wrists will be performed to assess the presence or absence of De Quervain's tenosynovitis (inflammation of the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis tendons). The outcome is reported as the total number of participants presenting with this pathology. This parameter serves to evaluate the musculoskeletal safety of the intervention.

The baseline-to-peak amplitude of the compound muscle action potential for bilateral median and ulnar nerves, measured in millivolts (mV).

The baseline-to-peak amplitude of the sensory nerve action potential for bilateral median and ulnar nerves, measured in microvolts