Acute Hyperbaric Oxygen Treatment Increases Hepatic Insulin Sensitivity and Muscle Reactive Oxygen Species in T2D

In total 14 patients are planned. Each participant participates in both experimental parts (100% O2 and ambient air). They are examined immediately after each HBO/ ambient air therapy. The allocation is randomized treated every three weeks with 2-hour therapies using pure O2 or indoor air. Randomized and double-blinded in a cross-over setting, one group of patients with type 2 diabetes is first treated with HBO therapy and the other group is first treated with room air. Here, an ambient pressure of 2.4 ATM is built up and then administered for respiration over a total of 90 minutes of pure O2. Patients are examined on two consecutive days for each part of the study.On the first day serum samples are taken and a sample is taken from the vastus lateralis muscle. A magnetic resonance spectroscopic examination (MRS) is performed on the patient subsequently. In this case, phosphorus metabolites (absolute quantification of ATP, Pi) and the ATP synthase flow rate (fATP) are determined non-invasively by means of 31P MRS and TG storage (HCL) by means of 1H-MRS.

On the next day of the trial patients are treated with HBO therapy or room air. A hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp test (120-300 min) with administration of deuterated glucose (D- [6,6-2H2] glucose) (0-120 min) to measure muscular and hepatic insulin resistance will be performed after the end of HBO therapy or room air treatment performed. Indirect calorimetry determines energy consumption and substrate selection (lipid and glucose oxidation) in hyperinsulinaemia. After the end of the HBO therapy or room air treatment and 30 minutes after the start of the clamp test, a sample is taken from the vastus lateralis muscle again.

Inclusion criteria

• Age ≥ 18 and ≤ 75 years
• Type 2 diabetes
• HbA1c ≥ 6 and ≤ 9%
• BMI ≤ 35 kg / m2

Exclusion criteria

• Treatment with thiazolidinedione in the last 6 months
• Uncontrolled hyperglycemia (FPG ≥ 240 mg / dl)
• vitamin supplement (washing out at least 4 weeks)
• Patients requiring revascularization
• Serum CRP ≥ 5 mg / dl
• Previous treatment for HBO therapy
• Secondary diabets according to ADA criteria (type 3 B-H, eg pancreopriver diabetes)
• Type 4 diabetes (gestational diabetes), pregnancy
• poor glycemic control (HbA1c> 9.0%)
• Hyperlipidemia (low density triglycerides and lipoproteins ≥ double upper Reference limit)