Acute Aerobic Exercise and Neuroplasticity in Depression

The investigators will determine the effects of exercising at two different intensities (compared to a control non-exercise condition) on neuroplastic potential in depressed and non-depressed subjects. To accomplish this aim, the investigators will have subjects ride a cycle ergometer at intensities set to elicit 35% (low) and 70% (high) of heart rate reserve (((220 - age) - resting heart rate) x 35% or 70%) + resting heart rate). Prior to, and immediately after exercise participants will have their neuroplastic potential tested via transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), blood specimens sampled, and mood changes assessed (methods detailed below). These assessments will occur at these time points and then every 15 minutes for 1 hour after exercise.

Neuroplastic potential will be assessed using TMS. TMS-induced motor evoked potentials (MEP's) will be recorded from the abductor pollicis brevis as a way to measure changes in the excitability of the corticospinal tract in response to exercise and paired associative stimulation. Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and cortisol levels will be obtained through blood specimen samples in order to examine the potential exercise-induced changes in known stress- and neuroplasticity-related biomarkers. Mood and affect will be surveyed using the Activation-Deactivation Checklist (AD ACL), feeling scale (FS), and felt arousal scale (FAS). These measures will permit the assessment of exercise-induced changes in mood and affect.

Inclusion criteria

For all:

• age 18-50 year old.
• ability to provide informed consent.

Further inclusion criteria for participants with depression:

• meets criteria for unipolar depression assessed using the Mini-international Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI)
• a Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score of 20 or greater
• current depressive episode began no longer than 3 years earlier
• psychoactive drug free or have maintained a stable dose of up to one antidepressant medication for four weeks prior to study participation

Further inclusion criteria for control participants:

• does not meet criteria for unipolar depression assessed using the MINI
• a MADRS score of 6 or less
• no history or previous diagnosis of depression

Exclusion criteria

(for all participants):

• primary diagnosis of another Axis 1 disorder
• secondary diagnosis of a psychotic disorder, cognitive disorder, substance-related disorder, or obsessive compulsive disorder
• illicit drug use or alcohol abuse
• current smoker
• history of seizures
• other diagnosed neurological or musculoskeletal disorder/injury, uncontrolled cardiovascular or metabolic disease
• resting blood pressure > 200mmHg systolic or 100mmHg diastolic
• electronic or metal implants
• current participation in a structured exercise program
• pregnancy