Actos Now for Prevention of Diabetes (ACT NOW)

IGT is a prediabetic state. If IGT can be prevented from progressing to overt diabetes, the hyperglycemia-related complications of this devastating disease can be prevented. Subjects with IGT will be identified with an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Eligible subjects also will have a measurement of first phase insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity using the frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (FSIVGTT) and carotid intimal media thickness using carotid ultrasound. Following these measurements subjects will be randomized to receive pioglitazone or placebo and they will return every 3 months for determination of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) concentration and interim medical history. Recruitment will take place over 15 months. From the time that the recruitment period ends, subjects will be followed for a total of 24 months on pioglitazone or placebo. The OGTT will be repeated at 15,27, and 39 months, or if the FPG is ≥ 126 mg/dl on the 3-month follow up visits. If the diagnosis of diabetes is established before month 39 or at month 39, the FSIVGTT and carotid ultrasound will be repeated. At 39 months, subjects will be washed out of pioglitazone or placebo and the OGTT, FSIVGTT, and carotid ultrasound will be repeated at month 45.

Inclusion criteria

• Men and women
• All ethnic groups
• 18 years of age and older
• Impaired glucose tolerance by glucose tolerance test (fasting glucose 95-125 mg/dl and 2 hr glucose of 140-199 mg/dl)
• At least one of the following:

• One or more components of the insulin resistance syndrome (HDL < 40 mg/dl in females and <35 mg/dl in males, fasting triglycerides > 150 mg/dl, blood pressure > 135/85 mmHg, BMI > 24 kg/m2, waist circumference > 102 cm in men and > 88 cm in women)
• One or more first degree relatives with type 2 diabetes
• History of gestational diabetes
• Polycystic ovarian disease
• Minority ethnic background (Mexican American, African American, Asian and Pacific Islanders, Native American)

Exclusion criteria

• Type 2 diabetes
• Previously treated with thiazolidinediones (ever) or metformin (within one year)
• Previously treated with a sulfonylurea, a meglitinide, an alpha glucosidase inhibitor for more than a week within last year or within the 3 months prior to randomization
• Previously treated with insulin (other than during pregnancy) for more than one week within the last year or within the 3 months prior to randomization
• Cardiovascular disease
• Hospitalization for treatment of heart disease or stroke in past 6 months
• New York Heart Association Functional Class > 2
• Left bundle branch block or third degree AV block
• Aortic stenosis
• SBP > 180 mmHg or DBP > 105 mmHg
• Renal disease
• Anemia
• Hepatitis
• GI diseases (pancreatitis, inflammatory bowel disease)
• Recent or significant abdominal surgery
• Advanced pulmonary disease
• Chronic infections
• Weight loss > 10% in past 6 months
• Pregnancy and childbearing
• Major psychiatric disorders
• Excessive alcohol intake
• Thiazide use > 25 mg per day
• Non-selective beta blockers
• Niacin
• Systemic glucocorticoids
• Weight loss or weight gain medication
• Thyroid disease-suboptimally treated
• Active endocrine diseases (Cushing's, acromegaly)
• Plasma triglycerides over 400 mg/dl (despite treatment)
• History bladder cancer
• Hematuria