Accuracy of the Red Reflex Test in the Pediatric Population

Pediatric patients will be recruited through clinical practice at the designated study sites. Participants with known anterior segment or posterior segment pathology will be eligible for inclusion. Patients who have a history of disease, treatments and/or surgical procedures affecting the ability for normal pupillary reaction are excluded. An equal number of age matched participants with a normal anterior and posterior segment exam will be recruited from routine outpatient ophthalmology clinic appointments. Informed consent will be obtained and will include an option to be considered for medical photography. Participants may opt out of photography and still be included in the study. For Spanish speaking participants, an interpreter will be used for study recruitment and informed consent. A Spanish informed consent (developed by a Spanish medical translator from our English written consent) will be provided. Current estimated number of subjects required for the study is 200 total including 100 controls. Patient charts will be accessed from date of birth to patient's current age using either Cerner or Epic depending on the study site location. Examiners will include ophthalmology residents with one completed year of ophthalmology training. They will be blinded to participants' ophthalmologic history.

Pupil size will be recorded under ambient lighting conditions and the red reflex test (RRT) performed at 18 cm using a direct ophthalmoscope (Welch Allyn 11710 or similar). Each eye will then be inspected individually at 1 cm. Examiner description of the pupillary reflex in terms of color, brightness, and the presence or absence of potential anterior/posterior segment abnormality will be recorded using a standardized survey tool. The exam room lights will then be turned off and the pupils examined again with the direct ophthalmoscope according to the standard RRT procedure and results recorded.

Next, pharmacological dilation will be achieved according to standard practices. For all patients, one drop of proparacaine hydrochloride ophthalmic solution will be instilled in each eye to achieve anesthesia. For patients under 1 year old, one drop of Cyclomydril will then be instilled in each eye and followed second drop in each eye 5 minutes later. For children over 1 year of age, pharmacologic dilation will be achieved with 1 drop of Cyclopentolate 1% and 1 drop of Phenylephrine 2.5% in each eye. The RRT will be repeated by the same examiner, including the lights on and lights off portions of the exam, and the results recorded.

Subjects will be de-identified and results will be stored on a password protected Children's National Hospital computer and pertinent statistical analyses will be perform to asses our hypothesis. All statistical tests will be performed at the 5% level of significance unless otherwise stated.

Inclusion criteria

• Pediatric patients recruited in clinical practice with known anterior or posterior segment pathology as well as patients without anterior or posterior segment pathology

Exclusion criteria

• Patients who have a history of disease, treatments and/or surgical procedures affecting the ability for normal pupillary reaction