Accuracy of AuReha for Measuring Upper Limb Movements

The shoulder joint, also known as the glenohumeral joint, is a ball-and-socket type articulation formed by the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula. Flexion and extension are movements that occur around the coronal axis.

Abduction and adduction are movements that occur around the sagittal axis. Abduction is a lateral movement ranging from 0° (arm perpendicular to the floor) to a vertical position above the head (approximately 180°).

This final position is equivalent to that reached during flexion and involves the coordinated movement of the shoulder girdle and the glenohumeral joint.

The equivalence of the measurements derived from AuReha and the instrument of comparison will be measured in degrees.

The elbow is a hinge joint formed by the articulation of the humerus with the ulna and radius. Flexion and extension occur along a coronal axis and are the two primary movements allowed by this joint. Flexion is an anterior movement that ranges from a fully extended position (0 degrees) to full flexion (approximately 145°).

Shoulder flexion is an anterior movement with a range starting from the anatomical position of 0° (arm perpendicular to the ground) up to 180° overhead. However, this final position is achieved only through a combination of movements involving both the shoulder joint and the shoulder girdle. The glenohumeral joint alone can flex to approximately 120°, while the remaining 60° are achieved through scapular abduction and lateral rotation, which reorients the glenoid cavity and allows the humerus to reach a fully vertical position.

"Movement Smoothness" is a parameter calculated by the AuRhea Web Platform and it evaluates the continuity and coordination of performed movements. It is measured through jerk, which refers to the variation in movement velocity.

Unit of Measure: Percentage (%)

The accuracy and timeliness of this parameter transfers to the AuReha Web Platform will be assessed by verifying that is registered on the platform in real time, immediately upon detection by the AuReha Sensorized Shirt.

"Movement accuracy" is a parameter calculated by the AuRhea Web Platform and it measures how precisely the volunteer performs the prescribed movements by comparing the deviation of the executed trajectory from the ideal one.

Unit of Measure: Percentage (%)

The accuracy and timeliness of this parameter transfers to the AuReha Web Platform will be assessed by verifying that is registered on the platform in real time, immediately upon detection by the AuReha Sensorized Shirt.

"Trunk stability" is a parameter calculated by the AuRhea Web Platform and it assesses the inclination of the trunk across the three reference planes (frontal, sagittal, and transverse) during the execution of exercises.

Unit of Measure: Percentage (%)

The accuracy and timeliness of this parameter transfers to the AuReha Web Platform will be assessed by verifying that is registered on the platform in real time, immediately upon detection by the AuReha Sensorized Shirt.

"Limb compensation" is a parameter calculated by the AuRhea Web Platform and it monitors any incorrect compensatory movements performed by the limbs during exercises.

Unit of Measure: Percentage (%)

The accuracy and timeliness of this parameter transfers to the AuReha Web Platform will be assessed by verifying that is registered on the platform in real time, immediately upon detection by the AuReha Sensorized Shirt.

"Percentage of correct movements" is a parameter calculated by the AuRhea Web Platform and it indicates the percentage of movements correctly performed by the volunteer in relation to the total number of goals proposed in the session. The number of proposed goals in each section varies based on the volunteer's performance, thanks to an adaptive algorithm.

Unit of Measure: Percentage (%)

The accuracy and timeliness of this parameter transfers to the AuReha Web Platform will be assessed by verifying that is registered on the platform in real time, immediately upon detection by the AuReha Sensorized Shirt.

Evaluation of AuReha's fit on healthy volunteers, through the assessment of the correlation between the selected shirt size (categorical: XS, S, M, L) and continuous anthropometric variables, including body circumferences and segment lengths. Circumferences (in cm) will include: chest, waist, hips, upper arm, and forearm. Segment lengths (in cm) will include: shoulder to iliac spine and shoulder to wrist. All measurements will be taken using a standard anthropometric tape measure.

Assessment of the usability of AuReha by healthy volunteers. Custom questionnaires developed for this purpose are annexed to the clinical protocol. In particular, the questionnaire collects user feedback on the AuReha App and sensorized shirt, focusing on usability, instruction clarity, and garment fit. It combines Yes/No items, a 0-4 Likert difficulty scale (from "no difficulty" to "system unusable"), and open-text fields for qualitative insights.

Assessment of the usability of AuReha by healthcare professionals. Custom questionnaires developed for this purpose are annexed to the clinical protocol. In particular, the surveys gauge healthcare professionals' experience with the AuReha Web Platform, assessing data transfer reliability, information clarity, user satisfaction, and decision-support effectiveness. It combines yes/no questions with open-text fields for detailed feedback.