A Whole Food Plant Diet and Its Lipidemic Effects on Primary Prevention in a Free-range Population

CHD remains the leading cause of death in numerous developed countries and is estimated to cause one-third of all deaths in patients over the age of 35. 28 While CVD is preventable, studies suggest that a range of lifestyle factors including physical inactivity, nicotine abuse, and nutrition practices are increasing the prevalence of the disease in most countries. 28,29 Such facts highlight the importance of lifestyle interventions. Despite the chronic nature of cardiovascular disease, even short-term studies analyzing ad libitum plant-based diets reveal significantly improved changes in commonly tested biomarkers that predict cardiovascular disease risk. 30 While a number of studies have explored the lipid-lowering effects of traditional vegetarian diets, 31 few studies have explored the effects of a whole-food, plant-based diet despite its proposed benefits. Preliminary studies suggest that such a diet might facilitate weight loss and lead to improvements in lipid parameters.32 To this end, we propose a study to implement a whole-food, plant based diet intervention in the Lancaster community to quantify its ability to modify lipid, metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers.

This single-arm diet pilot study seeks to determine the serologic effects of a whole-food, plant-based diet on primary prevention subjects in a free-range environment. Eligible participants will have had either an LDL-C >100 mg/dL or non-HDL-C >130 mg/dLwithout a current diagnosis of coronary heart disease and are willing to adhere to a whole food plant based diet for at least 8 weeks.

A total of 50 subjects will be enrolled to the study. Participants enrolled in the study will provide fasting blood work and receive education on a whole-food, plant-based diet at a local Lancaster County grocery store during their first study visit. At this time, the study coordinator will also document the patient's height, weight, and hip and waist circumference. While subjects are waiting to provide a blood draw, study personnel will administer two baseline questionnaires to each subject. The first questionnaire will be the SF12 quality-of-life survey. The second survey will capture pertinent elements of the patient's medical history and ask the patient questions on motivation, attitude, and expected compliance to the diet.They will be served a catered vegan breakfast and receive a lecture on a whole-food, plant-based diet by Dr. Christopher Wenger. Dr. Wenger also will train the subjects on the use of the study food record. At the end of the session, a certified nutritionist will give a tour of the local grocery store to show subjects how to select appropriate low-cost foods for the dietary intervention. Following the conclusion of the study visit, subjects will begin the interventional phase of the study and follow a whole-food, plant-based diet for eight weeks. The dietary intervention will conclude with the post-intervention study visit. Throughout the study, patients will have access to dietary counseling which will be provided by a certified nutritionist

The post-intervention study visit (8 weeks after the initial visit) will be held at the conference room in the local grocery story and will comprise the same cohort which began the study together at the baseline study visit. Prior to distributing each subject's results, study personnel will administer the SF12 quality-of-life survey and measure each subject's weight and hip and waist circumference post-intervention. Study personnel will also administer a questionnaire assessing each subject's experience on the diet including challenges, motivation, and attitudes toward the diet. We will also capture how likely the patient is to continue on the diet after the conclusion of the study.

Study personnel will then disseminate each patient's lab results pre- and post-intervention. At this time, subjects will be given the opportunity to discuss their results with Dr. Wenger. A catered vegan lunch will be served during the study visit.

Inclusion criteria

• Age ≥ 18 years old
• Indicated willingness to adhere to whole-food plant-based diet
• Patient recommended for dietary intervention by healthcare provider
• LDL-C >100 mg/dL or non-HDL-C >130 mg/dL documented by a lab test in the LG EMR within the last 6 months

Exclusion criteria

• Any condition that, in the opinion of the patient's healthcare provider, will adversely affect study execution or data collection