A VR Intervention for Prosocial Behavior and Well-being Among Adolescents

Three items assessing prosocial attitudes will be revised from the Prosocial Orientation Questionnaire. Participants will rate each item on a 6-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 6 (strongly agree). Higher scores on the scale indicate a greater presence of positive prosocial attitudes.

The Internalization subscale of the Self Importance of Moral Identity Scale (SIMIS) will be used to measure the construct of prosocial identity. Participants will rate each item on a 7-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree). Elevated scores on the scale indicate a greater degree of prosocial identity.

The Prosocial Behavioral Intentions Scale (PBIS) will be employed to evaluate individuals' future intentions to engage in prosocial behavior. Participants will rate each item on a 7-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (Definitely would not do this) to 7 (Definitely would do this). Increased scores on the scale indicate a greater inclination towards prosocial intentions.

The Attitudes toward Helping Others Scale (AHO) will be employed to assess individuals' attitudes towards helping others. Each item will be rated on a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Elevated scores on the scale indicate a greater presence of positive attitudes towards helping others.

Two items from the Preference Survey Module (PSM) will be modified to measure altruism. One example item is as follows: "Imagine the following scenario: you have won 1,000 Euros in a lottery. Considering your present circumstances, how much of the prize would you donate to a charitable cause? (Values between 0 and 1000 are permissible)." Higher scores on this item indicate a higher level of altruistic behavior or tendencies.

The Single Item Trait Empathy Scale (SITES) will be utilized to assess levels of empathy. Participants will rate this item on a 7-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree), with higher scores indicating a greater degree of empathy.

The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) will be employed to evaluate levels of life satisfaction. Participants will rate each item on a 7-point Likert scale, ranging from "Strongly Disagree" to "Strongly Agree." Elevated scores on the scale indicate greater levels of life satisfaction.

The Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS) will be utilized to assess participants' subjective happiness. Each item will be rated on a 7-point Likert scale. Elevated scores on the scale indicate a greater level of subjective happiness.

The Emmons Mood Indicator will be employed to measure affect, encompassing two dimensions: Positive Affect and Negative Affect. Each item will be rated on a 7-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (not at all) to 7 (extremely). Elevated scores on the scale indicate a higher level of affect.

One item from the Gratitude Adjective Checklist (GAC) will be used to measure participants' gratitude. This item will be rated on a 7-point Likert scale. A higher score indicate a higher level of gratitude.

Three items from the Subjective Vitality Scale (SVS) will be used to measure participants' subjective vitality. Each item will be rated on a 7-point Likert scale. Higher scores indicate a higher level of subjective vitality.

The Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (RSE) will be used to measure self-esteem. Each item will be rated on a 4-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (strongly agree) to 4(strongly disagree). Higher scores indicate higher levels of self esteem.

Daily well-being will be assessed using a single item ("How do you feel right now?") adapted from the Well-Being Manifestations Measure Scale (WBMMS) using a sliding scale ranging from 0 (not good at all) to 100 (very good). A higher score indicates a higher level of daily well-being.

Daily prosocial act will be measured by one item: "How many acts have you engaged today that involve helping someone else or doing something for a good cause?" Participants will indicate the number of prosocial acts from a drop-down menu ranging from 0 to 10+. The response of "0" will be classified as "no prosocial engagement," and responses of "1" or more will be classified as "having engaged in prosocial acts."

Daily subjective happiness will be measured using a condensed 2-item adaptation of the Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS). The first item will assess their self-perceived general happiness today on a scale from 1 (not at all happy) to 7 (very happy). The second item will gauge their comparative happiness to their peers during the same timeframe, ranging from 1 (less happy) to 7 (more happy). Higher scores indicate a higher level of daily subjective happiness.

Daily subjective vitality will be assessed using 3 representative items from the 7-item Subjective Vitality Scale (SVS). All items will be rated on a 7-point scale (1 = not at all true to 7 = very true). Higher scores indicate a higher level of daily subjective vitality.

Daily affect will be evaluated using the 9-item Emmons Mood Indicator. Participants will be instructed to rate the extent to which they experienced each emotion today using a 7-point scale (ranging from 1 = not at all to 7 = extremely). Elevated scores on the scale indicate a higher level of daily affect.

Daily gratitude will be measured using one item from the Gratitude Adjective Checklist (GAC). This item will be rated on a 7-point Likert scale. A higher score indicates a higher level of daily gratitude.

Daily psychological needs will be assessed using a 9-item Basic Psychological Needs Scale (BPNS). Each subscale, namely competence, autonomy, and relatedness, consists of 3 items rated on a 7-point scale (ranging from 1 = not at all true to 7 = very true). Higher scores indicate a higher level of daily psychological needs.

Daily self-esteem will be evaluated using 2 items from the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg, 1965). Ratings will be evaluated on a 4-point scale (1 = strongly disagree to 4 = strongly agree). Higher scores indicate a higher level of daily self-esteem.

Intervention satisfaction will be assessed using the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire-8 (CSQ-8). Participants will rate each item on a 4-point Likert scale, with "1" indicating the lowest degree of satisfaction and "4" representing the highest. Elevated scores on the scale reflect greater levels of intervention satisfaction.

Two items will be uesd to measure the sense of reality. Items are "I feel that the maze seemed very much like the one in the real world" and "The game scene made me feel like I was truly there".

Two items will be used to measure the levels of difficulty. Items are "The game is very difficult" and "The game is too difficult to operate".

Two items will be used to measure the levels of difficulty. Items are "This game is very interesting" and "I like this game".

The study will collect socio-demographic variables including gender, age, level of education, and family income.