A Validation Study of the Neuro-cognitive Emotion Monitoring-Intervention (NEMO-I) Application in Adolescents

Depressive symptoms are measured using the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), a 21-item self-report questionnaire. Total scores range from 0 to 63, with higher scores indicating more severe depressive symptoms. Change is assessed by comparing pre- and post-intervention scores.

Inhibitory control is assessed using the Color-Word Stroop Test (CWST), which measures the efficiency of the frontal-lobe inhibition process. Performance is indexed by response time and error rate under the color-word interference condition. Change is assessed by comparing pre- and post-intervention performance.

Anxiety symptoms are measured using the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), a 21-item self-report questionnaire assessing the severity of anxiety-related symptoms. Higher scores indicate greater anxiety. Change is assessed by comparing pre- and post-intervention scores.

Neuro-cognitive and emotional function is assessed using the NEMO-A (Neuro-cognitive Emotion Monitoring-Assessment) application, a tablet-based, game-format assessment consisting of five subtasks. It measures domains including sustained attention, working memory, emotional sensitivity, emotion processing and recognition, audiovisual emotional integration, cognitive control, and executive function. Performance is indexed by accuracy and response time, and change is assessed by comparing pre- and post-intervention performance.

Visual attention, psychomotor speed, sequential processing, and divided/sustained visual attention are assessed using the Children's Color Trails Test (CCTT). Performance is indexed by completion time (seconds). Change is assessed by comparing pre- and post-intervention performance.

Set-shifting ability and cognitive flexibility are assessed using the Trail Making Test-B (TMT-B), which requires alternating between numbers and letters in sequence. Performance is indexed by completion time (seconds). Change is assessed by comparing pre- and post-intervention performance.

Subjective stress is measured using a Visual Analog Scale (VAS), on which participants rate their current perceived stress level from 1 (no stress) to 10 (extreme stress).

Daily stress is measured using a 26-item self-report scale assessing stress experienced in everyday domains such as parents, school, academics, peer relationships, appearance, and finances, rated on a 5-point Likert scale.

Difficulty identifying and describing one's own emotions is measured using the Korean version of the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20K), rated on a 5-point Likert scale.

Self-reported executive function difficulties are measured using the Brief Self-Report Questionnaire of Executive Function Difficulty for children and adolescents (40 items), rated on a 3-point Likert scale.

The quality of peer relationships is measured using a 13-item self-report scale rated on a 4-point Likert scale, including items reflecting conflict and negative peer interactions.

Problem behaviors are assessed using the Child Behavior Checklist for Ages 6-18 (CBCL 6-18), completed by a parent or primary caregiver. It includes internalizing problems (e.g., anxiety, depression, somatic complaints) and externalizing problems (e.g., rule-breaking, aggressive behavior).

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity symptoms are assessed using the ADHD Rating Scale (ARS), an 18-item parent-report questionnaire comprising inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity subscales.