A Validation Study of Mobile Virtual Reality-Based Self-Care and Exposure Therapy Contents for the Treatment of Panic Disorder

The Panic Disorder Severity Scale consists of 7 items, each rated on a 5-point scale that assesses panic frequency, distress during panic, panic-focused anticipatory anxiety, phobic avoidance of situations, phobic avoidance of physical sensations, impairment in work functioning, and impairment in social functioning

The heart rate variability is the physiological recordings of the variation in the time interval between consecutive heartbeats in milliseconds

The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression is a depression assessment scale and contains 17 items pertaining to symptoms of depression experienced over the past week

The State and Trait Anxiety questionnaire is has 20 items for assessing trait anxiety and 20 for state anxiety

The Korean Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology is a self-report questionnaire that comprises symptoms of depression including melancholic, atypical and anxious symptoms

The Perceived Stress Scale is is a measure of the degree to which situations in one's life are appraised as stressful

The Albany Panic and Phobia Questionnaire is a 27-item 9-point Likert scale that was designed to measure the distinct dimension of fear in various situations, and has three subscales: social phobia, agoraphobia, and interoceptive fear

The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale is a 14-item scale that has anxiety and depression subscales;

The Body Sensations Questionnaire is a 17-item 5-point Likert scale that evaluates how afraid and anxious a patient is when he/she feels the physical sensation of each item in an unstable state

The Anxiety Sensitivity Index is a 16-item measure tapping the fear of anxiety sensations, which is known to be a risk factor for the development of panic.