A Trial for Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery With AI-assisted Robotic Guidance for Moderate Basal Ganglia Hemorrhage (RAINBOW-MBH)

The mRS is a 7-level ordinal scale used to evaluate functional outcomes after stroke. The categories are defined as follows:

0 = No symptoms；

• = No significant disability. Able to carry out all usual activities, despite some symptoms；
• = Slight disability. Able to look after own affairs without assistance, but unable to carry out all previous activities；
• = Moderate disability. Requires some help, but able to walk unassisted；
• = Moderately severe disability. Unable to attend to own bodily needs without assistance, and unable to walk unassisted；
• = Severe disability. Requires constant nursing care and attention, bedridden, incontinent；
• = Dead； Utility-weighted modified Rankin Scale (UW-mRS), which applies utility values to each mRS category as shown below： mRS 0= UW-mRS 1；mRS 1= UW-mRS 0.91; mRS 2= UW-mRS 0.76; mRS 3= UW-mRS 0.65; mRS 4= UW-mRS 0.33; mRS 5= UW-mRS 0; mRS 6= UW-mRS 0.

Ordinal shift analysis of the modified Rankin Scale (mRS), which measures the degree of disability or dependence in daily activities after stroke. The scale ranges from 0 (no symptoms) to 6 (death). This outcome assesses whether there is a shift toward better or worse functional status across the full ordinal distribution of mRS scores.

Excellent functional neurological outcome means modified Rankin scale (mRS) scores 0-1. The minimum mRS is 0 (no symptoms) while the maximum mRS is 6 (death). The higher the mRS score is the worse outcome is.

Independent functional neurological outcome means modified Rankin scale (mRS) scores 0-2. The minimum mRS is 0 (no symptoms) while the maximum mRS is 6 (death). The higher the mRS score is the worse outcome is.

Health Related Quality of Life based on EuroQol 5 Dimension 5 Level (EQ-5D-5L).The EQ-5D-5L is a generic instrument for describing and valuing health. It assesses five domains: Mobility, Self-Care, Usual Activities, Pain/Discomfort, and Anxiety/Depression. Each dimension has five response categories corresponding to: no problems, slight, moderate, severe and extreme problems.

Total length of hospital stay refers to the number of days from the date of hospital admission to the date of discharge.

The AD8 (Eight-item Interview to Differentiate Aging and Dementia) is a brief screening tool designed to distinguish normal aging from possible dementia. The AD8 focuses on changes in memory, orientation, judgment, and daily activities. A greater number of "Yes" responses indicates higher likelihood of cognitive impairment or dementia, warranting further diagnostic evaluation.

Hematoma clearance rate at Day1 and Day30 after treatment

Total medical expenses during hospitalization

Mortality status equals to death which will be collected at all visits during the trial period

The reporting and notification of SAEs follows ICH-GCP guidelines. According to the WHO International Drug Monitoring Centre (1994), an SAE is any adverse medical event that: Leading to death; Life-threatening; Requires hospitalization or prolongs existing hospitalization; Results in persistent or significant disability/incapacity; Congenital anomaly/birth defect; etc.