A Study of 3D Visualization Techniques to Improve the Quality and Safety of Robot-assisted Nephron Sparing Surgery for Complex Renal Tumors.

• Sample size:

When designing this experiment, considering the warm ischemic time reported by our center and in the literature, with a test power of 80% (β= 0.2), a power value of 0.8, a one-sided type I error of 2.5% (α= 0.05), the sample size is calculated to be 242 cases. The enrollment is planned to last 2 years, and the follow-up results from enrollment to the initial stage are for 5 years. Calculated based on a 30% dropout rate, 350 cases are planned to be enrolled.

• Enrollment screening:

Appropriate, reproducible methods should be used to evaluate the tumor prior to randomization (e.g., CT and/or MRI). The following evaluations should be made prior to randomization: demographic data, medical history (including concomitant disease and treatments), physical examination, pregnancy test (if necessary), special examinations (chest X-ray and ECG).

The following evaluations should be made prior to randomization: vital signs and physical examination (including Karnofsky performance status score, height, and weight), hematological and biochemical examinations.

• Randomization:

Patients who meet the selection criteria will be randomly allocated to the 3D trial group and the conventional group in a 1:1 ratio.

• Assessment During the Study Period:

During the study period, patients' concomitant disease and treatments will be continuously monitored, and vital signs, weight, Karnofsky performance status score, hematological examinations (including white blood cells/neutrophils), and serum biochemical examinations will be conducted according to specified time intervals for each patient. An conventional ECG and chest X-ray/CT examination will be conducted prior to surgery. Tumor assessment will be conducted during the perioperative period (clinical examination, chest X-ray or chest CT/MRI, and abdominal CT/MRI). Laboratory examination indicators during the perioperative period should be recorded, such as preoperative and postoperative hematological and biochemical examinations. The focus is to complete the renogram to evaluate renal function within 1 month prior to surgery, and re-evaluating renal function with a renogram 3 months and 12 months after surgery to assess changes in renal function. No matter what surgical method is used, detailed records should be made of what was seen during the operation, the surgical method, operative data, and postoperative pathology. All patients should be followed up according to the study protocol, and PFS and OS should be recorded.

• Statistical Analysis:

Statistical analysis will be conducted using the SPSS 24.0 software package. Statistical descriptions will use rates for enumeration data, and means and 95% confidence intervals for measurement data. The t-test will be used to compare the measurement data between the two groups, the Chi-square test will be used to analyze the enumeration data, the Kaplan-Meier method will be used to calculate the survival curve, and the Log-rank test will be used to compare the two treatments.HR and 95% Confidence intervals for survival in subgroups will be determined with the multiple individual Cox models, which will separately measure the interaction between factors and treatment effect. The probability P value will be used for statistical inference regardless of the stage, and the statistically significant difference thresholds will be adopted as 0.05.

Inclusion criteria

• The imaging diagnosis is single renal cell carcinoma, clinical stage is T1N0M0-T2N0M0, and the contralateral kidney function is good.
• Physical status and organ function allow robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy.
• Be able to adhere to the protocol during the study.
• The age ranges from 18 to 75 years, and there is no chronic kidney disease.
• KPS > 80; ECOG score: 0-1; There are no other serious concomitant diseases and the organ function is good.
• There are no medical contraindications seriously affecting anesthesia and surgery.
• The patient has no history of other malignant tumors in the past 5 years.
• There is no surgical history of epigastrium and the affected kidney.
• Estimated survival is more than 6 months, and there are no other severe diseases that reduce survival to less than 5 years.

Exclusion criteria

• Women who are pregnant or lactating, or who are of reproductive age and are not using effective contraception.
• Comorbid serious medical diseases or conditions, for example, clinically severe or active heart disease, severe uncontrolled medical illnesses and infections, severe uncontrolled digestive disorder, severe electrolyte disturbance, active disseminated intravascular coagulation, major organ failure such as decompensated cardiac, pulmonary, hepatic, or renal failure, symptomatic peripheral neuropathy. Can not tolerate robot-assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy
• Organ transplant recipients requiring immunosuppressive therapy.
• There is history of other malignancies within 5 years of trial initiation, excluding cured basal cell carcinoma of the skin and carcinoma in situ of the cervix.
• Patients who have received biological therapy or other anticancer traditional Chinese medicine within 4 weeks.
• Patients with multiple or bilateral renal tumors or solitary renal tumors.
• Patient without complete clinical information.