A Single-centre Prospective Study to Explore the Role of Frailty in Patients With Multiple Myeloma.

This project aims to characterize the markers of frailty in a population of MM patients in a "real world" setting. The clinical approach to the patients (i.e. treatment schedule, number of appointments in the hospital, invasive procedures) will not be changed compared to patients not enrolling in the study.

In particular, the primary objective of the study is:

To explore measures of frailty in MM patients: the aim is to assess if any of the proposed parameters and markers of frailty (e.g. biomarkers of cellular senescence and organ damage, inflammatory markers, physical tests such as gait speed and hand grip test) are associated with frailty status, defined according to the GA, at baseline.

The secondary objectives of the study are:

• To monitor frailty (defined by GA) and those markers of frailty (MoF) over time and evaluate treatment effects on frailty and MoF: this will explore the relationship between the markers of frailty and the tumor. Moreover, this will allow the study to assess if the frailty score at baseline is static or can be modified, in particular to observe whether frailty is improved in patients responding well to the treatment without toxicity.
• To explore the relationship of parameters and biomarkers of frailty with: treatment-related toxicity, treatment discontinuation, response to treatment, PFS and OS
• To investigate the predictive role of GA in the "real world" setting: the GA has been assessed in 3 clinical trials in more than 800 patients, but no data are available on the "real world" population where frail patients are more frequently encountered.
• To compare the MoF in patients with MM with the healthy subjects.
• To assess the relation of frailty and quality of life (QoL): in elderly and frail MM patients the QoL is one of the most important (if not the most important) objective for treatment. Investigators will investigate if the QoL perceived by the patient relates to the frailty assessment and how this varies over time.

Biological samples collected at baseline and throughout the study will also be stored for future studies to allow a prompt evaluation of novel biomarkers identified in the future, and therefore to accelerate the validation of these biomarkers.

Inclusion criteria

• Aged 18 years or greater
• Newly diagnosed or relapse/refractory patients with multiple myeloma including non-secretory multiple myeloma. If patients are at diagnosis, they need to have a myeloma defining events (MDE) as reported in Appendix B. If they are at relapse they need to meet the criteria for relapse as per Appendix C.
• Patients due to start any anti-myeloma treatment irrespectively from the line of treatment
• Able to provide written informed consent
• Patients enrolled in other clinical trials can be enrolled in this study. Patients will not attend the hospital more frequently if enrolled in this study. In fact all the assessment, tests and questionnaires will be done whilst the patients are attending the hospital for routine appointments.

Inclusion criteria

for healthy subjects:

• Aged 50 years or greater
• Able to provide written informed consent

Exclusion criteria

• Not able to give informed consent
• MGUS or sMM without MDE
• Patients receiving ongoing treatment for MM with the exclusion of steroids (maximal dose of Dexamethasone 160 mg in last 2 weeks or equivalent) and radiotherapy for spinal cord compression (SCC). The reason for this exclusion is that the baseline measurements need to be done before starting a proper line of chemotherapy and not in the middle of a treatment in order to be comparable between patients.
• Patient received allogeneic stem cell transplant at any stage of treatment. The reason being that some markers (i.e. telomere length) can consistently change following an allogeneic stem cell transplant

Exclusion criteria

for healthy subjects:

• Not able to give informed consent
• History of past or present cancer requiring treatment (surgery and/or radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy)