A Reinforcement Approach to Improve Diabetes Management

Inclusion criteria

• age 12-21 years old;
• diagnosis of type 1 diabetes (T1D) >12 months via ADA guidelines
• receiving diabetes treatment at Yale Pediatric Diabetes Clinic and not meeting clinical care guidelines
• SMBG user with clinical recommendations to test >4 times/day and using a device that allows for remote uploading (e.g., Aviva, Contour, Freestyle, Lifescan, etc.; equipment for uploading will be provided);
• access to a computer with internet for uploading and sending SMBG data;
• access to a cell phone with text messaging capabilities and willing to text after SMBG testing and receive messages about reinforcement;
• English speaking, able to read at >5th grade level, and pass an informed consent quiz; and adequate knowledge of insulin dosing and dietary recommendations for managing T1D.

Exclusion criteria

• have a major psychiatric or neurocognitive disorder (e.g., severe learning impairment) that would inhibit participation;
• have a major visual impairment;
• have a significant other medical condition that impacts diabetes management (e.g., asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, or other condition that requires steroid treatment);
• plan to switch insulin delivery mode (injection to pump or vice versa) in the next 12 months, or have recently switched;
• are participating in another clinical trial.