A Brain Imaging Study of Opioid (Morphine) and Non-opioid (Ketorolac) Conditioning Effects

Inclusion criteria

• Healthy male and female adults, aged 21-50
• No contraindications to fMRI scanning
• Within 15% of normal BMI
• Right handed (dominant hand is right hand)
• Have taken an opioid drug at least once in the past (for example, after a surgery)

Exclusion criteria

• Current or past history of major medical, neurological, or psychiatric illness
• Women who are pregnant or breast feeding, have gone through menopause, or have irregular menstrual cycles (length of cycle must be within 26 to 32 days)
• Contraindications to morphine administration:

• i) Hypersensitivity to morphine or other phenanthrene-derivative opioid agonists (codeine, oxycodone, etc.), morphine salts, or any component of the product
• ii) Concomitant use of other CNS depressants including antihistamines or alcohol
• iii) History of drug or alcohol abuse
• iv) History of head trauma
• v) History of liver problems
• vi) Pre-existing respiratory conditions (ex. COPD, asthma)
• vii) Current use of any drugs that interact with morphine
• Contraindications to ketorolac administration

• i) Allergic-type reaction, or urticaria in response to exposure to aspirin or other NSAIDS
• ii) Concomitant aspirin or NSAID use
• iii) Hypersensitivity previously demonstrated to ketorolac tromethamine or to any product component
• iv) Peptic ulcer disease (active or history), or other gastrointestinal problems
• vi) Current use of any drugs that interact with ketorolac (ex. heparin/warfarin)
• vii) History of bleeding disorder
• viii) Low body weight, under 50 kg
• Contraindications to fMRI scanning (including cardiac pacemaker, metal implants, claustrophobia, pregnancy)
• Contraindications to either of the emergency medications (Ondansetron or Narcan)
• History of head trauma
• High blood pressure (>140 systolic, >90 diastolic)
• History of impaired urinary elimination
• Major kidney problems, bleeding problems, severe dehydration, or recovering from a recent surgery (within past year).
• Instability of responses to experimental pain (see Study Procedures Section)
• History of asthma
• History of diabetes
• Liver Function Test results greater than 2.5 times the upper limit of normal (ULN) at Screening
• History of smoking (past or current)
• Use of psychotropic drugs, hormone treatments (including hormonal birth control) within 1 year
• Non-fluent speaker of English
• Positive urine drug screen (i.e. positive on any of the 10 measures tested, including cocaine, marijuana, opiates, amphetamines, methamphetamines, phencyclidine, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, methadone, and tricyclic antidepressants)