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NCT Number: NCT07841041

Effects of Testicular Self-Examination Training Methods on Students' Behaviors and Health Beliefs

The goal of this cluster randomized controlled trial is to evaluate and compare the effects of different testicular self-examination (TSE) training methods on university students' health beliefs and self-examination behaviors regarding testicular cancer (TC) and TSE.

The main questions it aims to answer are:

* Does receiving brochure-based education or brochure plus audio recordings of TC patient experiences improve students' health beliefs (perceived susceptibility, seriousness, benefits, self-efficacy, and reduced barriers)? * Which educational method is more effective in increasing the frequency and performance of testicular self-examination behaviors compared to a control group?

Researchers will compare three groups:

* Intervention Group 1: Receives an educational brochure on TC and TSE. * Intervention Group 2: Receives an educational brochure combined with audio recordings of testicular cancer survivor/patient experiences. * Control Group: Receives no specific educational intervention during the study period.

Participants will:

* Complete baseline questionnaires regarding demographic information, TC/TSE knowledge, health beliefs, and baseline examination practices. * Receive the assigned educational material/session according to their randomized cluster. * Complete follow-up evaluations at 3 months post-intervention to assess changes in health beliefs, knowledge, and TSE behaviors.

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Key information

Conditions

Testicular Cancer Behavior Endocrine Gland Neoplasms Endocrine System Diseases Genital Diseases Genital Diseases, Male Genital Neoplasms, Male Gonadal Disorders Health Behavior Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice Male Urogenital Diseases Neoplasms Neoplasms by Site Testicular Diseases Testicular Neoplasms Testicular Self-Examination Urogenital Diseases Urogenital Neoplasms

Age range

18 year and older

Sex eligibility

Male

Study type

Interventional

Phase

Not applicable

Primary location

Yeditepe University

Istanbul, Turkey (Türkiye)

Who can participate

Healthy volunteers accepted: Yes

Only the study team can determine whether someone qualifies for participation.

Inclusion criteria

  • Being biologically male
  • Being an active university student enrolled at the university
  • Being aged 18 years or older
  • Having native or fluent Turkish literacy (reading and writing)
  • Having access to a technological device (smartphone, computer, or tablet) with an active internet connection to access digital materials and surveys
  • Voluntary agreement to participate in the study and providing informed consent

Exclusion criteria

  • Previous clinical diagnosis of testicular cancer or any other testicular/scrotal malignancy
  • Having undergone major scrotal or testicular surgery (e.g., orchiectomy)
  • Prior formal or professional training on testicular self-examination (TSE) within the last 6 months
  • Inability to complete the educational intervention or follow-up assessments due to sensory or cognitive impairments

Treatment and study plan

Educational Brochure and Audio Recording

Behavioral

Following face-to-face recruitment, obtaining informed consent, and collecting phone numbers from eligible university students, pre-tests-including the Introductory and Testicular Self-Examination (TSE) Characteristics Form along with Champion's Health Belief Model Scale-were administered online via Google Forms via WhatsApp (approximate completion time: 15 minutes). At the end of the sixth week following the pre-test, the brochure and audio-recorded experience-sharing intervention group received their respective protocol, followed by post-tests comprising the TSE Behavior Determination Form and the TSE Behavior and Educational Tool Satisfaction Form.

Educational Brochure

Behavioral

Following face-to-face recruitment, obtaining informed consent, and collecting phone numbers from eligible university students, pre-tests-including the Introductory and Testicular Self-Examination (TSE) Characteristics Form along with Champion's Health Belief Model Scale-were administered online via Google Forms via WhatsApp (approximate completion time: 15 minutes). At the end of the sixth week following the pre-test, the educational brochure intervention group received their respective protocol, followed by post-tests comprising the TSE Behavior Determination Form and the TSE Behavior and Educational Tool Satisfaction Form.

Control Group

Other

Following face-to-face recruitment, obtaining informed consent, and collecting phone numbers from eligible university students, pre-tests-including the Introductory and Testicular Self-Examination (TSE) Characteristics Form along with Champion's Health Belief Model Scale-were administered online via Google Forms via WhatsApp (approximate completion time: 15 minutes). For the control group, no active educational intervention was administered following the pre-test, and only the TSE Behavior Determination Form was applied as a post-test at the end of the sixth week.

Primary outcomes

  1. Change in Testicular Self-Examination (TSE) Behavior

    Time frame: At baseline and at 6 weeks post-intervention

    Measured using the TSE Behavior Determination Form to evaluate whether the students perform regular testicular self-examination.

Secondary outcomes

  1. Change in Champion's Health Belief Model Scale Scores

    Time frame: At baseline and at 6 weeks post-intervention

    Evaluated using Champion's Health Belief Model Scale to assess changes in students' health beliefs regarding testicular self-examination between the intervention groups and the control group.

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Sponsors and collaborators

Lead sponsor

Yeditepe University

Other

Registry information

Official study title

Comparison of the Effects of Testicular Self-Examination Training Methods on Students' Behaviors and Health Beliefs Regarding Testicular Cancer and Testicular Self-Examination: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Important dates

Study start
2025
Primary completion
2025
Study completion
2026
First posted
Sep 25, 2026
Registry last updated
Sep 25, 2026

OpenTrials presents study information sourced from ClinicalTrials.gov. The official registry record should be consulted for the latest information.

View the official ClinicalTrials.gov record (opens in a new tab)

This listing is for discovery and informational purposes only. It is not medical advice, does not guarantee that a study is recruiting, and does not determine eligibility. Contact the study team and a qualified healthcare professional when considering participation.

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