Skip to main content
OpenTrials
Completed

NCT Number: NCT07837856

Therapeutic Adherence in Type 2 Diabetes

A quasi-experimental, non-randomized, prospective, longitudinal study comparing the use of WhatsApp messaging versus the SMART technique in patients with type 2 diabetes to improve treatment adherence

Completed

Looking for future studies?

Notify Me

Key information

Conditions

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/Prevention & Control Behavior Diabete Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 Endocrine System Diseases Glucose Metabolism Disorders Health Behavior Metabolic Diseases Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases Treatment Adherence Treatment Adherence and Compliance

Age range

18 year–65 year

Sex eligibility

All sexes

Study type

Interventional

Phase

Not applicable

Primary location

Family Medicine Unit No. 84

Morelia, Michoacán, 58332, Mexico

About this study

The study included patients with type 2 diabetes who received training on diabetes, lifestyle, and self-management prior to the implementation of reinforcement messages or the use of the SMART technique at a primary care facility in Mexico.

Who can participate

Healthy volunteers accepted: No

Only the study team can determine whether someone qualifies for participation.

Inclusion criteria

  • • Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
  • Patients enrolled in UMF 84.
  • Men and women between the ages of 35 and 70.
  • Patients who agree to participate, understand the informed consent form, and sign it.
  • Patients who have a cell phone and the WhatsApp app.

Exclusion criteria

  • • Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.
  • Patients with dementia, schizophrenia, alcoholism, drug addiction, cancer, Parkinson's disease, hearing and vision impairments, and comprehension and language disorders.
  • Pregnant patients.
  • Patients who cannot read or write.

Exclusion criteria

  • Patients who withdraw their consent.
  • Patients who fail to attend laboratory tests, questionnaire administration, or regular medical appointments.
  • Patient death.
  • Changes in health insurance enrollment.
  • Loss of health insurance coverage.

Treatment and study plan

Group I (WhatsApp) motivational and educational messages delivered periodically

Other

Positive reinforcement messages were sent once every two days for two weeks, then once a week for three weeks

Group II: To implement the SMART method

Other

Group II: To implement the SMART method, the patient was first given an explanation of the concept of a goal or objective, as well as what each of the concepts of the SMART method entails. The participant was then asked to identify a goal that meets the SMART criteria and, above all, is measurable.

Primary outcomes

  1. Therapeutic adherence

    Time frame: Assessments were conducted at the start of the study "Baseline" (November to December 2024) and "6 months" after the intervention (May to June 2025)

    According to the Morisky-Green questionnaire: Good >8 points, Fair 6-7 points, Poor <6 points

Secondary outcomes

  1. multipharmacy

    Time frame: Evaluations were conducted at the start of the study "Baseline" (November to December 2024).

    Patients will be divided into two groups based on the START/STOP criteria:

    Positive > 6 medications Negative < 5 medications A list of the medications taken by the patients will be compiled.

  2. Glucose

    Time frame: Assessments were conducted at the start of the study "Baseline" (November to December 2024) and "6 months" after the intervention (May to June 2025).

    Glucose: This information will be obtained from laboratory results in the medical record.

    According to the ADA:

    80-130 mg/dl: controlled >130 mg/dl: uncontrolled

Other outcomes

  1. Cholesterol

    Time frame: Assessments were conducted at the start of the study "Baseline" (November to December 2024) and "6 months" after the intervention (May to June 2025).

    Total cholesterol; This will be derived from laboratory results obtained from the medical record.

    • Optimal <185 mg/dl
    • High >186 mg/dl

  2. Triglycerides

    Time frame: Assessments were conducted at the start of the study "Baseline" (November to December 2024) and "6 months" after the intervention (May to June 2025).

    These values will be obtained from laboratory results in the medical record. According to the ADA:

    Controlled: <150 mg/dl Uncontrolled: >151 mg/dl

  3. Body Mass Index:

    Time frame: Assessments were conducted at the start of the study "Baseline" (November to December 2024) and "6 months" after the intervention (May to June 2025).

    The Body Mass Index is calculated as body weight divided by height squared (kg/m²).

    • Underweight <18.5 kg/m²
    • Normal: 18.5-24.9 kg/m²
    • Overweight: 25-29.9 kg/m²
    • Class I obesity: 30-34.9 kg/m²
    • Class II obesity: 35-39.9 kg/m²
    • Class III obesity: >40 kg/m²

  4. Knowledge of type 2 diabetes

    Time frame: The questionnaire was administered at the start of the study "Baseline" and at the end of the course on the basics of type 2 diabetes, "After a week" during the recruitment period from November to December 2024.

    Using the DKQ-24 questionnaire, is assessed as follows:

    Answers are marked as correct or incorrect, and a percentage is assigned based on the number of correct answers. A score of 80% or higher indicates good knowledge.

    > 19: Knowledge < 19: Lack of knowledge

Sponsors and collaborators

Lead sponsor

Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social

Other Gov

Registry information

Official study title

WhatsApp Messaging Versus SMART Goal-setting to Improve Therapeutic Adherence in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes in Primary Care: a Quasi-experimental Study

Important dates

Study start
2024
Primary completion
2025
Study completion
2025
First posted
Sep 24, 2026
Registry last updated
Sep 24, 2026

OpenTrials presents study information sourced from ClinicalTrials.gov. The official registry record should be consulted for the latest information.

View the official ClinicalTrials.gov record (opens in a new tab)

This listing is for discovery and informational purposes only. It is not medical advice, does not guarantee that a study is recruiting, and does not determine eligibility. Contact the study team and a qualified healthcare professional when considering participation.

Related clinical trials

Published trials that share one or more normalized conditions with this study.