Functional Evaluation of Shelf-Stable Dairy Products for the Promotion of Muscle Mass, Strength, and Physical Performance in Human Subjects.

Participants' subjective physical sensations, post-exercise fatigue, body image perceptions, and product use experience will be assessed using individual items from a self-administered questionnaire developed for this study. Questionnaire items may include Likert-scale items, categorical response options, and open-ended responses. Likert-scale items will be reported separately according to their original response scale, with the minimum and maximum values specified for each item. Categorical items will be reported as the number and percentage of participants selecting each response option. Open-ended responses will be summarized descriptively. No overall questionnaire total score will be calculated.

Participants performed the test in a standing position with their arms naturally hanging down. They held the handgrip dynamometer with one hand and applied maximal force continuously for at least 3 seconds. Each hand was tested three times, and the best value was recorded.

Participants performed five consecutive sit-to-stand repetitions as quickly as possible from a armless chair with arms crossed over the chest, and the total completion time (in seconds) was measured using a digital timer.

Participants performed as many full sit-to-stand repetitions as possible within 30 seconds from a standard armless chair with arms crossed over the chest, and the total number of completed repetitions was recorded.

Participants performed three maximum isometric effort pulls on a fixed bar over a force plate at standardized knee and hip angles for 5 seconds per trial, separated by ≥1-minute rest intervals, with the highest peak force recorded for analysis.

Participants performed three vertical countermovement jumps on a force plate with hands fixed on the hips and 60-second rest intervals between trials, with the maximum jump height selected for final analysis.

Participants performed an incremental exercise protocol on a stationary cycle ergometer starting at 25W and increasing by 15W every 2 minutes at a cadence of 70 rpm until exhaustion, while heart rate and subjective rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were continuously monitored.

Participants exercised at a target intensity based on their VO² max test until reaching defined volitional exhaustion criteria, with total exercise duration and mechanical work output recorded as endurance capacity indicators.

Body weight will be measured using the InBody 570 bioelectrical impedance analyzer (InBody, Seoul, South Korea) and reported in kilograms (kg).

Body mass index (BMI) will be calculated from body weight and height and reported in kilograms per square meter (kg/m^2).

Body fat percentage will be measured using the InBody 570 bioelectrical impedance analyzer (InBody, Seoul, South Korea) and reported as a percentage (%).

Fat mass will be measured using the InBody 570 bioelectrical impedance analyzer (InBody, Seoul, South Korea) and reported in kilograms (kg).

Skeletal muscle mass will be measured using the InBody 570 bioelectrical impedance analyzer (InBody, Seoul, South Korea) and reported in kilograms (kg).

Skeletal muscle percentage will be measured using the InBody 570 bioelectrical impedance analyzer (InBody, Seoul, South Korea) and reported as a percentage (%).

Waist-to-hip ratio will be measured using the InBody 570 bioelectrical impedance analyzer (InBody, Seoul, South Korea) and reported as a ratio.

Whole-body composition, as well as bone mineral density (BMD) of the AP lumbar spine, bilateral femurs, and total body, will be measured using a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scanner (Lunar iDXA, GE Healthcare).