Artificial Intelligence for Staging Glaucoma Severity: A Comparison With an Eye Specialist Using Visual Field Tests

The study titled "Reliability of Artificial Intelligence in Glaucoma Severity Staging Using the Brusini GSS2 System: A Longitudinal Comparative Study against Expert Assessment" aims to evaluate the diagnostic reliability and clinical utility of an Artificial Intelligence (AI) system in staging glaucoma severity using the Brusini Glaucoma Staging System 2 (GSS2) compared to expert ophthalmologist assessment.

The study protocol involves the longitudinal analysis of visual fields (VFs) collected at baseline (T0) and at a 1-year follow-up (T1). Statistical methodology will utilize quadratic weighted Cohen's kappa to assess diagnostic agreement between the AI system and expert assessment, Wilcoxon signed-rank tests to evaluate potential systematic bias, and Spearman's rank correlation to investigate the relationship between longitudinal progression and changes in the clinical Visual Field Index.

Completed

Looking for future studies?

Notify Me

Key information

Conditions

Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension Eye Diseases Glaucoma Ocular Hypertension

Sex eligibility

All sexes

Study type

Observational

Primary location

University of Salerno

Salerno, 84084, Italy

Who can participate

Only the study team can determine whether someone qualifies for participation.

Inclusion criteria

Adults (≥18 years of age).
Diagnosis of glaucoma or suspected glaucoma undergoing routine clinical follow-up.
Availability of reliable standard automated visual field (VF) examinations at baseline and approximately 1-year follow-up.
Visual field tests suitable for staging using the Brusini Glaucoma Staging System 2 (GSS2).
Availability of all clinical data required for study analysis.

Exclusion criteria

Unreliable visual field examinations (e.g., excessive fixation losses, false-positive or false-negative responses according to institutional reliability criteria).
Visual field defects attributable to ocular or neurological diseases other than glaucoma.
Missing baseline or follow-up visual field examinations.
Incomplete clinical data preventing GSS2 staging or statistical analysis.
Previous ocular conditions or interventions that could significantly affect visual field interpretation, if judged by the investigator.

Treatment and study plan

Artificial Intelligence GSS2 Staging

Diagnostic Test

An artificial intelligence system used to automatically stage glaucoma severity from standard automated visual field tests according to the Brusini Glaucoma Staging System 2 (GSS2). AI classifications were compared with those of an expert ophthalmologist at baseline and 1-year follow-up. The AI was used for assessment only and did not influence patient management or treatment.

Primary outcomes

Quadratic weighted Cohen's kappa coefficient for diagnostic agreement in glaucoma severity staging between AI and expert assessment

Time frame: Baseline (T0) and 1-year follow-up (T1)

Glaucoma severity will be staged (from Stage 0 to Stage 5) using the Brusini Glaucoma Staging System 2 (GSS2) based on visual field parameters. Staging will be performed independently by the AI system and an expert ophthalmologist at each time point. Inter-rater agreement between the AI and expert staging will be quantified using the quadratic weighted Cohen's kappa ($\\kappa$), where values range from -1 (complete disagreement) to +1 (perfect agreement).

Secondary outcomes

Median difference in Brusini GSS2 staging scores between AI and expert assessment

Time frame: Baseline (T0) and 1-year follow-up (T1)

Differences in Brusini Glaucoma Staging System 2 (GSS2) staging scores (ranging from Stage 0 to Stage 5) assigned by the AI system versus the expert ophthalmologist will be evaluated to detect systematic overestimation or underestimation of disease severity. Paired score differences (AI minus Expert) at each time point will be reported and statistically tested using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.

Sponsors and collaborators

Lead sponsor

University of Salerno

Other

Registry information

Official study title

Reliability of Artificial Intelligence in Glaucoma Severity Staging Using the Brusini GSS2 System: A Longitudinal Comparative Study Against Expert Assessment

Acronym: AI-GSS2

Important dates

Study start: 2011
Primary completion: 2025
Study completion: 2025
First posted: Sep 15, 2026
Registry last updated: Sep 15, 2026

OpenTrials presents study information sourced from ClinicalTrials.gov. The official registry record should be consulted for the latest information.

View the official ClinicalTrials.gov record (opens in a new tab)

This listing is for discovery and informational purposes only. It is not medical advice, does not guarantee that a study is recruiting, and does not determine eligibility. Contact the study team and a qualified healthcare professional when considering participation.

Published trials that share one or more normalized conditions with this study.

Completed