Rural Water Filtration and Health Study

Consumption of unsafe drinking water is associated with a substantial burden of disease. Tens of millions of people in the United States live in homes with unregulated private wells, primarily in rural regions. However, our understanding of drinking water contaminants and associated health impacts for individuals living in households with private water supply in rural areas of the United States is severely limited by a lack of data - particularly for individuals living in low-income households in rural areas of Appalachia, and in the Central Appalachia region especially.

The overarching goal of this study is to assess the potential of a household-level water treatment intervention for expanding safe water access and improving health outcomes and wellbeing for rural households without utility-supplied water. Investigators will enroll approximately 480 households (approximately 1,600 individuals) that use well water and spring water and conduct a cluster-randomized controlled trial in southwest Virginia and northeast Tennessee to evaluate the hypothesized benefits of point-of-use water filtration.

Investigators will undertake the following aims:

• Measure the effect of drinking water filtration on the incidence of reported acute gastrointestinal illness.
• Measure the effect of drinking water filtration on the presence and quantity of bacterial, protozoal, and viral pathogens detected in saliva and stool biospecimens.
• Quantify fecal indicator organisms, waterborne pathogens, and regulated chemical contaminants in drinking water samples.

This study was designed to rigorously assess the hypothesized benefits of a relatively low-cost and easy to use point-of-use water treatment approach that can also improve the taste of water, and is a less-costly alternative to bottled water. Findings from this study will also substantially improve our understanding of which waterborne and enteric pathogens infants, children, and adults living in households with private water supplies in rural areas of Central Appalachia are exposed to and infected with, enabling more informed estimates of the associated burden of disease for rural populations without utility-supplied water.

Inclusion criteria

• Home is located in a study county in southwest Virginia or northeast Tennessee
• There is at least one adult (aged 18 or older) who regularly (>6 months per year) resides in the household
• Household does not have utility-supplied water (and <33% of household members regularly drink bottled water)
• Reported household income is <80% of the county median income (based on US Department of Housing and Urban Development thresholds by household population)

Exclusion criteria

• None (no exclusion criterion based on gender, race, ethnicity, language, or literacy)