Intravenous Magnesium Sulfate for Post-Endoscopic Symptoms After Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy With Biopsy

Post-endoscopic esophageal symptoms following upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (UGIE) with mucosal biopsy may arise from mechanical mucosal injury, acute inflammatory activation, and nociceptive sensitization. Magnesium sulfate may modulate these responses through antagonism of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activity, regulation of calcium influx, and attenuation of pro-inflammatory signaling.

Eligible participants were assigned in a 1:1 ratio using computer-generated block randomization with variable block sizes of 4 and 6. Allocation concealment was maintained using sequentially numbered opaque sealed envelopes. Participants, endoscopists, postoperative outcome assessors, laboratory analysts, and statisticians were blinded to treatment allocation. The attending anesthesiologist was aware of group assignment for patient safety but was not involved in postoperative outcome assessment or statistical analysis. Perioperative anesthesia and monitoring were standardized for both treatment groups.

In addition to evaluating post-endoscopic symptom severity and peri-procedural changes in serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) and total serum calcium, an exploratory analysis examined the association between the change in serum IL-6 from baseline to 1 hour after the procedure and the Modifies Esophageal Symptomps Questionnaire score measured at the corresponding 1-hour postprocedural time point. This association was evaluated using Spearman rank correlation in the overall study population and separately within each treatment group.

Participants were monitored for magnesium-related adverse effects, including hypotension, bradycardia, respiratory depression, muscle weakness, and altered mental status. Intravenous calcium gluconate was available as rescue treatment in the event of clinically suspected magnesium toxicity.

Inclusion criteria

• Adults aged 18 years or older.
• Scheduled to undergo elective upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (UGIE) with mucosal biopsy under general anesthesia.
• American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I-III.
• Able to provide written informed consent.

Exclusion criteria

• History of hypersensitivity to magnesium sulfate.
• Severe renal dysfunction.
• Second- or third-degree atrioventricular block.
• Neuromuscular disease.
• Chronic opioid therapy.
• Pregnancy or lactation.
• Any condition that could interfere with completion of postoperative assessments.