Mindfulness for Saudi Hemodialysis Patients

It is used to gain a broad understanding of sleep architecture over the previous 30 days. This 19-item self-report questionnaire assesses seven components of sleep: sleep quality; sleep latency (time to fall asleep); sleep duration; sleep efficiency (time asleep, relative to total time in bed); sleep disturbances; use of sleeping medication; and daytime dysfunction (Buysse et al., 1989). The score for each component ranges from 0 to 3. Added together, the scores of the seven components produce a Global Sleep Quality Score, ranging from 0 to 21.

The DASS-21 was used to assess the psychological distress of having end-stage renal disease. This scale includes three 7-item subscales that distinguish between the key elements of depression (e.g., dysphoria, hopelessness), anxiety (e.g., autonomic arousal, skeletal muscle effects) and stress (e.g., irritability, impatience). Respondents are asked to respond on a 4-point Likert scale according to how they have felt in the last week. As a shortened form of the original 42-item DASS, the scores of each of the three DASS-21 subscales are doubled to reflect ratings for the standard severity levels (from "Normal" to "Extremely Severe")

The ERQ assesses how participants regulate their emotions in response to the stressful situation of living with chronic illness. This 10-item questionnaire assesses two distinct strategies of emotion regulation, including cognitive reappraisal (6 items) and expressive suppression ( 4 items). Cognitive Reappraisal is an antecedent-focused strategy that involves changing the way one thinks about a stressful situation in order to modify its emotional effect (e.g., "When I am feeling down, I change the way I think about the situation to improve the way I feel"). Expressive Suppression is a response-focused strategy by which individuals control their emotions by suppressing their expression (e.g., "I keep my emotions to myself"). Responses are scored from 1 to 7 (1 = I strongly disagree, 7 = I strongly agree). Generally, higher reappraisal scores are associated with better mental health, and higher suppression scores with greater mental distress.

The MAAS is used to measure "trait mindfulness" - the tendency to be aware of present-moment experiences in a nonjudgmental, nonreactive way. It This 15-item questionnaire measures the trait-like presence or absence of attention to current moment experiences rather than religious or meditative practices. Respondents rate items (e.g., "I find myself doing things without paying attention") on a 6-point scale (1 = almost always to 6 = almost never). A higher mean score indicates higher trait mindfulness.