Temporal Interference Stimulation Combined With Tai Chi for Mild Cognitive Impairment

Global cognitive function will be assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). The total score ranges from 0 to 30, with higher scores indicating better cognitive function. Changes from baseline will be evaluated after the intervention and at follow-up.

Global cognitive function will also be assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). The total score ranges from 0 to 30, with higher scores indicating better cognitive function. Changes from baseline will be evaluated after the intervention and at follow-up.

Inhibitory control will be assessed using accuracy on the Go/No-Go task. Accuracy will be expressed as the percentage of correct responses, with higher values indicating better performance.

Inhibitory control will be assessed using reaction time for correct responses on the Go/No-Go task. Reaction time will be recorded in milliseconds (ms), with shorter reaction times indicating faster task performance.

Working memory performance will be assessed using accuracy on the n-back task. Accuracy will be expressed as the percentage of correct responses, with higher values indicating better performance.

Working memory performance will be assessed using reaction time for correct responses on the n-back task. Reaction time will be recorded in milliseconds (ms), with shorter reaction times indicating faster task performance.

Attention and short-term memory will be assessed using the Digit Span Forward task. Performance will be recorded as the raw Digit Span Forward score, with higher scores indicating better performance.

Working memory will be assessed using the Digit Span Backward task. Performance will be recorded as the raw Digit Span Backward score, with higher scores indicating better performance.

Immediate verbal memory will be assessed using the number of words correctly recalled during Trial 1 (N1) of the Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT). Higher numbers of correctly recalled words indicate better memory performance.

Verbal learning performance will be assessed using the number of words correctly recalled during Trial 2 (N2) of the Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT). Higher numbers of correctly recalled words indicate better performance.

Verbal learning performance will be assessed using the number of words correctly recalled during Trial 3 (N3) of the Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT). Higher numbers of correctly recalled words indicate better performance.

Verbal learning performance will be assessed using the number of words correctly recalled during Trial 4 (N4) of the Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT). Higher numbers of correctly recalled words indicate better performance.

Verbal learning performance will be assessed using the number of words correctly recalled during Trial 5 (N5) of the Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT). Higher numbers of correctly recalled words indicate better performance.

Recognition memory will be assessed using the number of correct recognition responses on the Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT). A higher number of correct recognition responses indicates better recognition memory.

Recognition memory errors will be assessed using the number of incorrect recognition responses on the Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT). A lower number of recognition errors indicates better recognition memory performance.

Associative episodic memory will be assessed using accuracy on the face-name matching task. Accuracy will be expressed as the percentage of correct responses, with higher values indicating better performance.

Associative episodic memory performance will be assessed using reaction time for correct responses on the face-name matching task. Reaction time will be recorded in milliseconds (ms), with shorter reaction times indicating faster task performance.

Episodic memory and mnemonic discrimination will be assessed using accuracy on the Mnemonic Similarity Task (MST). Accuracy will be expressed as the percentage of correct responses, with higher values indicating better performance.

Performance on the Mnemonic Similarity Task (MST) will also be assessed using reaction time for correct responses. Reaction time will be recorded in milliseconds (ms), with shorter reaction times indicating faster task performance.

Mobility under single-task conditions will be assessed using the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test. Completion time will be recorded in seconds, with shorter completion times indicating better mobility performance.

Cognitive-motor dual-task performance will be assessed using the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test performed concurrently with a cognitive task. Completion time will be recorded in seconds, with shorter completion times indicating better dual-task mobility performance.

Dual-task cost for Timed Up and Go completion time will be calculated as [(dual-task completion time - single-task completion time) / single-task completion time] × 100%. Higher positive values indicate greater deterioration in mobility performance under dual-task conditions.

Gait speed under single-task walking conditions will be recorded in meters per second (m/s). Higher gait speed indicates faster walking performance.

Gait speed during cognitive-motor dual-task walking will be recorded in meters per second (m/s). Higher gait speed indicates faster walking performance during dual-tasking.

Gait cadence under single-task walking conditions will be recorded as steps per minute (steps/min). Higher values indicate a greater number of steps performed per minute.

Gait cadence during cognitive-motor dual-task walking will be recorded as steps per minute (steps/min). Higher values indicate a greater number of steps performed per minute during dual-tasking.

Stride length under single-task walking conditions will be recorded in meters (m). Greater values indicate longer stride length.

Stride length during cognitive-motor dual-task walking will be recorded in meters (m). Greater values indicate longer stride length during dual-tasking.

Changes in brain structure and function will be assessed using multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI-derived structural and functional measures will be used to characterize intervention-related brain changes.

Changes in brain structure and function will be assessed using multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI-derived structural and functional measures will be used to characterize intervention-related brain changes.

Anxiety symptoms will be assessed using the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A). The total score ranges from 0 to 56, with higher scores indicating greater anxiety symptom severity.

Depressive symptoms will be assessed using the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D-17). The total score ranges from 0 to 52, with higher scores indicating greater depressive symptom severity.

Depressive symptoms will also be assessed using the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15). The total score ranges from 0 to 15, with higher scores indicating greater depressive symptom severity.

Subjective sleep quality will be assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). The total score ranges from 0 to 21, with higher scores indicating poorer sleep quality.

Daytime sleepiness will be assessed using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). The total score ranges from 0 to 24, with higher scores indicating greater daytime sleepiness.

Symptoms related to REM sleep behavior disorder will be assessed using the REM Sleep Behavior Disorder Screening Questionnaire (RBDSQ). The total score ranges from 0 to 13, with higher scores indicating more symptoms suggestive of REM sleep behavior disorder.

Daily functional ability will be assessed using the Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ). The total score ranges from 0 to 30, with higher scores indicating greater impairment in instrumental activities of daily living.

Physical health-related quality of life will be assessed using the Physical Component Summary (PCS) score of the 12-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12). The PCS is a norm-based summary score, with higher scores indicating better physical health-related quality of life.

Task-evoked cerebral hemodynamic response during the Go/No-Go task will be assessed using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). The primary fNIRS measure will be the task-related change in oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO) concentration in predefined cortical regions.

Task-evoked cerebral hemodynamic response during the n-back task will be assessed using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). The primary fNIRS measure will be the task-related change in oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO) concentration in predefined cortical regions.

Task-evoked cerebral hemodynamic response during the Mnemonic Similarity Task (MST) will be assessed using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). The primary fNIRS measure will be the task-related change in oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO) concentration in predefined cortical regions.

Blinding effectiveness will be assessed by asking participants to indicate whether they believe they received active or sham transcranial temporal interference stimulation. Participants' treatment guesses will be used to evaluate the success of participant blinding.

Adverse events and tolerability will be assessed using structured questionnaires and participant reports. The occurrence, type, and severity of stimulation-related adverse events and discomfort will be recorded, including symptoms such as tingling, itching, headache, dizziness, or other reported adverse effects.