Effects of Otago Exercise Program Vs Blind Folded Exercise on Falls, Balance and Quality of Life in Geriatric Population.

This study is a single-blinded, parallel-group, Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) designed to compare the clinical efficacy of a strength-and-balance-based motor retraining program against a sensory-reweighting paradigm in community-dwelling older adults. The primary objective is to evaluate and contrast the effects of these distinct therapeutic approaches on postural stability, fall frequency, and health-related quality of life.

Participant Recruitment & Randomization:

Forty (40) participants aged 60 and older who meet the inclusion criteria will be recruited for this study. Eligible participants must have a history of a fall within the last three months, a Berg Balance Scale (BBS) score of 40 or lower, a positive Romberg test, and the ability to perform the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test. Following baseline assessments, participants will be randomly allocated to either Group 1 (Otago Exercise Program) or Group 2 (Blindfolded Exercise) in a 1:1 ratio using the sealed envelope randomization method.

Intervention Protocols:

All participants will undergo a 6-week intervention period consisting of 3 sessions per week, with each session lasting 30 to 45 minutes. Both groups will receive a standardized baseline physical therapy session (including a brief warm-up, heating pads, and light aerobic conditioning) prior to their specialized training:

• Group 1: Otago Exercise Program (OEP): This progressive program focuses on lower limb muscle strengthening (targeting the quadriceps, hamstrings, gluteus medius, calves, and tibialis anterior) and progressive balance retraining (e.g., heel-to-toe walking, backward walking, and sit-to-stand transitions). Muscle-strengthening exercises will be progressively loaded using ankle weights (ranging from 500g up to 1kg) depending on individual tolerance, while balance activities will advance from supported to unsupported conditions.
• Group 2: Blindfolded Exercise (BFE): This sensory-reweighting program utilizes temporary visual deprivation via a blindfold to limit visual input during functional balance exercises. Exercises are conducted under strict safety conditions (utilizing support bars, harnesses, and knee stabilizers as needed to prevent falls). The difficulty of the tasks will progress sequentially over the 6 weeks (e.g., transitioning from a supported wide-base stance to an unsupported tandem stance, and eventually to an unsupported single-leg stance, with eyes closed).

Outcome Measures & Assessment:

Clinical outcomes will be measured at three distinct time points: Baseline (Week 0), Mid-intervention (Week 3), and Post-intervention (Week 6). The primary outcomes include:

• Postural Balance: Assessed using the Berg Balance Scale (BBS).
• Functional Mobility & Fall Risk: Evaluated using the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test.
• Health-Related Quality of Life: Measured using the SF-36 health survey.

Statistical Analysis:

Data will be analyzed using SPSS software. Normality of the data will be assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Within-group changes from baseline to post-intervention will be evaluated using paired-sample t-tests (or Wilcoxon signed-rank tests for non-parametric data). Between-group differences will be analyzed using independent-sample t-tests (or Mann-Whitney U tests). A Mixed-Model Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) will be utilized to determine the interaction effects between the groups over the three measurement intervals, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05.

Inclusion criteria

• History of fall within last 3 months.
• Berg balance should be less than or equal to 40.
• Patient age 60 and above.
• Romberg test positive.

Exclusion criteria

• Participants having cognition problems or a language barrier.
• Physical disability (fracture or amputation).
• Patient those have Secondary neurological condition (Parkinson's disease, stroke).
• Previous surgery for last 6 weeks. Unstable Cardiovascular and pulmonary disease.