Telehealth Educational Intervention for Adults With Type 2 Diabetes in Oman

Type 2 diabetes requires ongoing self-management between routine clinic visits. This includes taking medications as prescribed, following healthy eating and physical activity recommendations, monitoring blood glucose when appropriate, and recognizing and preventing complications. Regular clinic visits may not provide enough time for repeated education, reinforcement, and problem-solving. Telehealth may provide a practical way to extend structured diabetes education beyond face-to-face visits and offer more continuous support. However, randomized evidence on culturally tailored, nurse-led telehealth education for adults with type 2 diabetes in Oman remains limited.

This study is a prospective, single-site, two-arm, parallel-group randomized controlled trial designed to evaluate the effectiveness of a structured telehealth educational intervention for adults with type 2 diabetes in Oman. The study will compare usual diabetes care plus telehealth education with usual diabetes care alone. The main aim is to determine whether adding telehealth education to usual care improves glycemic control over 6 months. The study will also examine medication-related beliefs and behaviors, diabetes-related quality of life, and participants' experiences with telehealth.

The telehealth intervention will be delivered individually by a trained diabetes nurse educator or research nurse using an institutionally approved secure platform. Participants assigned to the intervention group will receive one telehealth education session each week for 24 weeks, in addition to their usual diabetes care. Sessions will generally last 20 to 30 minutes and will be provided in Arabic or English according to participant preference and need.

During the first 12 weeks, participants will receive a structured educational curriculum. Topics will include understanding type 2 diabetes and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), safe use of diabetes medicines, strategies for remembering medicines, healthy eating, physical activity, blood glucose monitoring, recognition and management of low and high blood sugar, and prevention of diabetes-related complications. Education will also address managing diabetes during illness, travel, fasting, and changes in daily routines; stress and sleep; social support; communication with healthcare professionals; and long-term self-management planning. During weeks 13 to 24, the sessions will reinforce earlier content, review personal goals, address barriers, and revisit topics according to participants' needs.

The intervention is educational and will not replace routine clinical care. Research staff will not start, stop, or change participants' medications. Questions requiring clinical decisions will be referred to the participant's treating healthcare team. Participants in the comparison group will continue to receive the usual diabetes care provided by Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, including routine clinical follow-up, medication management, laboratory testing, and standard diabetes education.

The primary focus of the trial is glycemic control, assessed using HbA1c. The study will also evaluate medication-related beliefs and behaviors and diabetes-specific quality of life. Among participants receiving telehealth education, the study will assess perceptions of the usefulness, ease of use, reliability, and satisfaction with telehealth. Information on participation in telehealth sessions, technical problems, intervention delivery, retention, referrals, and safety will also be collected to help determine the feasibility and acceptability of the program.

The first 30 randomized participants will form an internal feasibility pilot. This pilot will examine recruitment, consent, attendance, platform performance, data completeness, privacy issues, and participant retention. It will not include formal comparative testing of the effectiveness of the intervention. Findings from the pilot may be used to make minor operational improvements that do not change the study objectives, eligibility criteria, outcomes, or randomization procedures.

This study is expected to provide evidence about whether a structured, culturally tailored, nurse-led telehealth education program can strengthen diabetes self-management and improve outcomes for adults with type 2 diabetes in Oman. If the program is effective and acceptable, it may provide a model for extending diabetes education and support beyond routine clinic visits.

Inclusion criteria

• Participants must meet all of the following:
• Omani national aged 18 years or older.
• Confirmed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) documented in the medical record.
• Prescribed at least one glucose-lowering medication and receiving treatment for at least 3 months before enrollment.
• Most recent clinically valid HbA1c, or screening HbA1c when appropriate, 7.5% or higher.
• Access to an internet-enabled smartphone, tablet, or computer and ability to participate in video- or audio-supported telehealth sessions.
• Able to understand Arabic or English sufficiently to provide informed consent and participate in study procedures, and able to complete the validated Arabic Oman version of the medication-adherence questionnaire.
• Willingness to be randomized and availability for 6 months of follow-up.

Exclusion criteria

• Type 1 diabetes, gestational diabetes, or another diabetes type for which the intervention and outcome plan is not appropriate.
• Current pregnancy or planned pregnancy during follow-up.
• Severe cognitive impairment, active psychosis, or another condition preventing informed consent or meaningful participation.
• Acute medical instability or hospital admission at recruitment.
• Participation in another interventional study that could materially affect trial outcomes.
• Inability to use telehealth even with reasonable assistance or absence of a private and safe setting for sessions.
• Another clinical or ethical reason identified by the treating clinician or principal investigator that makes participation inappropriate.