Autobiographical Time Travel to Alleviate Loneliness in Older Adults

Items are scored on a 4-point Likert scale (1 = Never, 2 = Rarely, 3 = Sometimes, 4 = Always). Items 1, 5, 6, 9, 10, 15, 16, 19, and 20 are reverse scored. Total scores range from 20-80, with higher scores indicating greater levels of loneliness.

Four subscales measure: (1) negative self-belief ("I am bad"), (2) negative other-belief ("Others are bad/hostile"), (3) positive self-belief ("I am good"), and (4) positive other-belief ("Others are good/trustworthy"). Items rated on 5-point Likert scale. Higher scores indicate greater endorsement within the subscale.

Two 10-item subscales measure positive affect (e.g., interested, excited, proud) and negative affect (e.g., distressed, fearful, guilty). Items rated on 5-point Likert scale (1 = Very slightly or not at all; 5 = Extremely). Subscale scores range from 10-50, with higher scores indicating greater positive or negative affect.

Items rated on 4-point Likert scale (0 = Not at all; 3 = Nearly every day). Total scores range from 0-27, with higher scores indicating greater depressive symptom severity. Severity categories: minimal (0-4), mild (5-9), moderate (10-14), moderately severe (15-19), and severe (20-27).

Each item is rated on a 5-point scale (0-4). Total scores range from 0-20, with higher scores indicating greater anxiety severity and impairment. A score of 8 or higher is recommended as a cut-off for clinically significant anxiety.

Items rated on 5-point Likert scale (1 = Almost never; 5 = Almost always). Six subscales measure: (1) non-acceptance of emotional responses, (2) difficulties engaging in goal-directed behavior, (3) impulse control difficulties, (4) lack of emotional awareness, (5) limited access to emotion regulation strategies, and (6) lack of emotional clarity. Higher scores indicate greater emotion regulation difficulties.

Items rated on 6-point Likert scale (1 = Strongly disagree; 6 = Strongly agree). Total scores range from 20-120, with higher scores indicating greater social connectedness and sense of belonging.

Items rated on a 5-point Likert scale (0 = Not at all; 4 = Extremely). Total scores range from 0-12. A score of 6 or higher has been proposed as a screening cut-off for social anxiety disorder.

Items rated on Likert scale reflecting degree of satisfaction with each relational domain. There are five domains each ranging from 4- 20. Higher scores indicate greater satisfaction of relational needs.

Items rated on a Likert scale reflecting the degree to which each imagery style describes the respondent. Scores on each subscale range from 15-75 with higher scores on each subscale indicate greater reliance on the corresponding imagery style (object or spatial).

Items are measured on a 5-point scale with higher scores indicating greater imagery vividness. Scores can range from 4-20.

Items are measured on a 2- or 3-point scale with higher scores indicating greater social isolation. Scores can range from 0-8.

The IAT measures the strength of automatic associations between concepts (e.g., self vs. other) and evaluative attributes (e.g., positive vs. negative). D-scores quantify the magnitude of the implicit association, with positive values indicating stronger association of self with positive attributes or other with negative attributes, depending on the specific IAT variant administered.

Items are tabulated to produce counts or frequency data for each category, which can be aggregated to calculate total healthcare service utilization and associated costs if applicable.

Items are measured on a 7-point Likert scale. There are four subscale, autobiographical reasoning, desire for structure, positive themes and narrative disturbances. Higher scores indicate higher endorsement of the subscale.

Items are measured on a 5-point Likert scale with higher scores indicating greater frequency of talking about their life