Intermittent Theta-Burst Stimulation for Lower-Limb Spasticity and Pain in Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system. Lower-limb spasticity and neuropathic pain can substantially impair mobility, daily functioning, and quality of life. Current symptomatic treatments include oral antispastic medication and targeted botulinum toxin type A injections, but their effects may be incomplete or time-limited. Intermittent theta-burst stimulation is a repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation protocol with the potential to modulate cortical and corticospinal excitability.

The study will determine whether active iTBS applied over the primary motor cortex produces a greater reduction in lower-limb spasticity and neuropathic pain than sham iTBS in patients with MS.

This is a randomized, two-arm, parallel-group, sham-controlled, assessor-blinded clinical study conducted at the Multiple Sclerosis Centre of the 2nd Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University Bratislava and University Hospital Bratislava. Eligible participants will be randomized to active iTBS or sham iTBS. Stimulation will target the primary motor cortex contralateral to the more affected lower limb and the cortical representation of the muscle group corresponding to the dominant spastic pattern, identified using motor-evoked potentials and neuronavigation. Participants will undergo five sessions on consecutive weekdays. The active protocol comprises 1,200 pulses per day, delivered as two 600-pulse blocks separated by a 15-minute inter-block interval.

Clinical and neurophysiological assessments will be performed at baseline and at Weeks 2 and 4 after the intervention by an assessor blinded to treatment allocation. Assessments include the Tardieu Scale, pain measures, MS-specific quality-of-life and symptom questionnaires, and the H/M ratio measured by electromyography. Participants with a persistent clinical indication after completion of the four-week follow-up may receive botulinum toxin type A as standard-of-care rescue treatment.

Inclusion criteria

• Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis according to the 2024 McDonald criteria.
• Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score from 2.5 to 6.0.
• Clinically significant spasticity in at least one muscle group of the more affected lower limb, defined as a Modified Tardieu Scale quality of muscle reaction score of at least 2 at velocity V3.
• Lower-limb pain intensity of at least 4/10 on a 0-10 Visual Analogue Scale at screening.
• Stable pharmacological treatment, including disease-modifying therapy, for at least 3 months before enrolment.
• Ability to understand the study procedures and provide written informed consent.

Exclusion criteria

• Epilepsy or another condition associated with an increased risk of seizure.
• Metallic implants, implanted electronic devices, or other conditions contraindicating transcranial magnetic stimulation.
• Clinical relapse of multiple sclerosis within 30 days before enrolment.
• Pregnancy or breastfeeding.