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OpenTrials
Active, not recruiting

NCT Number: NCT07777107

Warm and Cool Color Visual Focusing in Labor

This randomized controlled trial was conducted to compare the effects of focusing on warm- and cool-color visuals during labor on labor pain, state anxiety, childbirth comfort, and labor duration. Nulliparous pregnant women were randomly assigned to warm- or cool-color visual focusing groups. Visual focusing was initiated during the early stage of labor and continued throughout labor. Labor pain, state anxiety, childbirth comfort, and labor duration were assessed at predefined stages of cervical dilatation.

Active, not recruiting

This study is active but is not currently recruiting participants.

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Key information

Conditions

Labor Pain and Anxiety Anxiety Disorders Labor Pain Mental Disorders Neurologic Manifestations Pain Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms Signs and Symptoms

Age range

18 year and older

Sex eligibility

Female

Study type

Interventional

Phase

Not applicable

Primary location

Balıkesir University

Balıkesir, 6100, Turkey (Türkiye)

Who can participate

Healthy volunteers accepted: Yes

Only the study team can determine whether someone qualifies for participation.

Inclusion criteria

Nulliparous pregnant women Singleton pregnancy Term pregnancy (37-42 weeks of gestation) Cephalic fetal presentation Spontaneous onset of labor Cervical dilatation of 1 cm at enrollment Ability to communicate in Turkish Voluntary participation in the study -

Exclusion criteria

High-risk pregnancy or obstetric complications Presence of a condition requiring emergency obstetric intervention Use of pharmacological analgesia during labor Visual impairment that could interfere with focusing on the visual Development of maternal or fetal complications requiring discontinuation of the intervention

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Treatment and study plan

Warm-color visual

Other

A visual dominated by warm colors was placed in the delivery room, and visual focusing was initiated at 1 cm of cervical dilatation. The midwife briefly introduced the artwork and the artist and asked the women to focus their attention on the visual throughout labor, particularly during painful periods.

Cool-color visual

Other

A visual dominated by cool colors was placed in the delivery room, and visual focusing was initiated at 1 cm of cervical dilatation. The midwife briefly introduced the artwork and the artist and asked the women to focus their attention on the visual throughout labor, particularly during painful periods.

Primary outcomes

  1. labor pain

    Time frame: At 4-5 cm, 6-7 cm, and 8-10 cm cervical dilatation during labor.

    Labor pain intensity was assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) at 4-5 cm, 6-7 cm, and 8-10 cm cervical dilatation. The VAS ranges from 0 to 10, with higher scores indicating greater pain intensity.

Secondary outcomes

  1. State Anxiety

    Time frame: At 6-7 cm cervical dilatation during labor.

    State anxiety was assessed using the State Anxiety Inventory (STAI-I) at 6-7 cm cervical dilatation. The scale consists of 20 items, with total scores ranging from 20 to 80. Higher scores indicate higher levels of state anxiety.

  2. Childbirth Comfort

    Time frame: At 4-5 cm and 8-10 cm cervical dilatation during labor.

    Childbirth comfort was assessed using the Childbirth Comfort Questionnaire (CCQ) at 4-5 cm and 8-10 cm cervical dilatation. Higher scores indicate higher levels of childbirth comfort.

  3. Labor Duration

    Time frame: From 4 cm to 10 cm cervical dilatation during labor.

    Labor duration was determined by recording the time elapsed from 4 cm cervical dilatation to full cervical dilatation (10 cm).

Sponsors and collaborators

Lead sponsor

Balikesir University

Other

Registry information

Official study title

EFFECTS OF FOCUSING ON WARM VERSUS COOL COLOR VISUALS DURING LABOR ON PAIN, ANXIETY, COMFORT, AND LABOR DURATION: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL

Important dates

Study start
2025
Primary completion
2026
Study completion
2027
First posted
Aug 20, 2026
Registry last updated
Aug 20, 2026

OpenTrials presents study information sourced from ClinicalTrials.gov. The official registry record should be consulted for the latest information.

View the official ClinicalTrials.gov record (opens in a new tab)

This listing is for discovery and informational purposes only. It is not medical advice, does not guarantee that a study is recruiting, and does not determine eligibility. Contact the study team and a qualified healthcare professional when considering participation.

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