Progressive Muscle Relaxation and Deep Breathing Exercises in Patients With COPD

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic respiratory condition that can negatively affect patients' physical and psychological well-being. Fatigue and impaired sleep quality are common symptoms that may adversely affect daily functioning and quality of life. Non-pharmacological interventions that can be easily practiced by patients may contribute to symptom management.

The aim of this randomized controlled trial was to evaluate the effects of progressive muscle relaxation and deep breathing exercises on fatigue and sleep quality in patients with COPD.

The study included 90 patients with COPD who were randomly assigned to three parallel groups, with 30 participants in each group: a progressive muscle relaxation exercise group, a deep breathing exercise group, and a control group. Randomization was performed using random numbers generated through the Random Integer Generator on Random.org, and group assignment was conducted by an independent researcher. Due to the nature of the interventions, blinding was not applied.

Participants assigned to the progressive muscle relaxation group received individual training on progressive muscle relaxation exercises. The initial training lasted approximately 30-40 minutes. Participants were provided with relaxation exercise audio recordings for home practice and were instructed to perform the exercises every morning for 8 weeks. Weekly telephone contact was maintained during the intervention period.

Participants assigned to the deep breathing exercise group received individual practical training in pursed-lip breathing exercises. The training lasted approximately 20-25 minutes, and participants practiced the technique under guidance to ensure that they could perform it correctly. They were instructed to perform the breathing exercises every morning at home for 8 weeks.

Participants assigned to the control group received no study intervention during the 8-week study period.

Fatigue and sleep quality were evaluated at baseline and at the end of 8 weeks using the Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Asthma Fatigue Scale and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, respectively.

Inclusion criteria

• Diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) according to GOLD criteria at least 6 months before enrollment.

Able to communicate verbally. No severe hearing or visual impairment. No serious medical condition or serious complication related to COPD.

Exclusion criteria

• Presence of a perceptual disorder or psychiatric condition that impairs communication.

Presence of a serious complication related to COPD.