Fine Motor Performance in School-aged Children

this observational cross-sectional study aims to investigate the relationship between core stability, hand grip strength, and handwriting performance among typically developing school-aged children aged 8 to 12 years.

Core stability plays an essential role in maintaining postural control and providing a stable foundation for upper extremity movement. Adequate trunk stability is considered necessary for the effective execution of fine motor activities, including handwriting tasks. Hand grip strength is another important indicator of upper limb function and overall muscular performance. Despite the recognized importance of these factors, limited evidence is available regarding the relationship among core stability, hand grip strength, and handwriting performance in typically developing children.

The study will recruit typically developing children from schools located in the 6th of October educational district. Core stability will be evaluated using the McGill Core Endurance Test, which includes the trunk flexor endurance test, trunk extensor endurance test, and side bridge test. Hand grip strength will be measured using a hydraulic hand dynamometer, while handwriting performance will be assessed using the Handwriting Legibility Scale (HLS).

The findings of this study may contribute to a better understanding of the role of core stability in upper extremity function and handwriting performance and may help guide future assessment and intervention programs for school-aged children

Inclusion criteria

Children will be included in the study according to the following criteria:

• Typically developing children aged 8-12 years.
• Both boys and girls.
• Enrolled in primary school.
• Able to understand and follow simple verbal instructions.
• Able to read and write in English according to their educational level.
• Regular school attendance.
• Children with a typical level of physical activity for their age and not participating in competitive athletic training programs.
• Written informed consent obtained from parents or legal guardians.

Exclusion criteria

• History of neurological, developmental, or musculoskeletal disorders affecting posture, upper limb function, or handwriting.
• Upper limb pain, deformity, fracture, or injury within the previous six months.
• Uncorrected visual or hearing impairment.
• Diagnosed developmental coordination disorder (DCD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), intellectual disability, or specific learning disorder affecting handwriting.
• Previous surgery involving the upper limb or spine