Pain Neuroscience Education and Graded Motor Imagery Combined With Conventional Physiotherapy on Diabetic Adhesive Capsulitis

Pain intensity will be assessed using the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS). The Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) is a self-reported outcome measure used to assess pain intensity in musculoskeletal and rehabilitation settings. The scale ranges from 0 to 10, where 0 indicates "no pain" and 10 indicates "worst imaginable pain".

Functional disability will be evaluated using the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI). The Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) is a self-administered questionnaire developed to assess pain and functional disability associated with shoulder disorders, particularly adhesive capsulitis and other musculoskeletal shoulder conditions. The SPADI consists of 13 items divided into two subscales: a pain subscale containing 5 items and a disability subscale containing 8 items. Each item is scored using a numerical rating scale ranging from 0 to 10, where 0 represents "no pain" or "no difficulty" and 10 represents "worst pain imaginable". Higher scores indicate greater pain and disability.

Active shoulder range of motion (flexion, abduction, internal rotation, and external rotation) will be measured using a universal goniometer.

Kinesiophobia will be assessed using the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK-17).The Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK) is a self-reported questionnaire used to assess fear of movement, fear of reinjury, and avoidance behaviors associated with pain and musculoskeletal disorders.The most commonly used version is the TSK-17, which consists of 17 items assessing beliefs related to physical activity and movement-related fear. Each item is scored on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 1 ("strongly disagree") to 4 ("strongly agree"). The total score ranges from 17 to 68, with higher scores indicating greater levels of kinesiophobia and fear-avoidance behavior.

Central sensitization will be assessed using the Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI). The Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI) is a self-reported questionnaire developed to identify symptoms associated with central sensitization in individuals with chronic pain disorders. The CSI consists of 25 items that assess health-related symptoms commonly associated with central sensitization syndromes. Each item is scored on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 0 ("never") to 4 ("always"). Higher scores indicate greater symptoms related to central sensitization.

The Short Form-36 (SF-36) is a widely used self-reported questionnaire designed to assess health-related quality of life in individuals with acute and chronic health conditions. The SF-36 consists of 36 items divided into eight health domains: physical functioning, role limitations due to physical health, bodily pain, general health perceptions, vitality, social functioning, role limitations due to emotional problems, and mental health. Each domain score is transformed into a scale ranging from 0 to 100, where higher scores indicate better health-related quality of life.