Relationship Between Frontal QRS-T Angle and Collateral Circulation in Coronary Artery Chronic Total Occlusion

i. Study Objectives

• Primary Objective:

• To examine the relationship between coronary collateral circulation and the electrocardiographic frontal QRS-T angle in patients diagnosed with chronic total occlusion (CTO).
• Secondary Objectives:

• To identify other independent clinical and laboratory predictors (such as serum albumin levels and neutrophil counts) associated with an increased frontal QRS-T angle in patients with CTO.
• To compare echocardiographic parameters (such as left ventricular ejection fraction and left ventricular dimensions) between patients with a normal QRS-T angle and those with an increased QRS-T angle.

Inclusion criteria

• Patients undergoing diagnostic coronary angiography due to stable angina persisting for a minimum duration of three months.
• Patients diagnosed with total occlusion in at least one coronary artery, assessed to have chronic total occlusion (CTO) based on clinical and angiographic findings.

Exclusion criteria

• Patients presenting with malignancies, atrial fibrillation, connective tissue disorders, hepatic failure, or renal failure.
• A documented history of cardiac pacemaker implantation, prior bypass surgeries, or surgical valve replacements.
• Congenital heart anomalies.
• Patients receiving pharmacological interventions that affect ventricular repolarization (other than beta-adrenergic antagonists).
• Individuals exhibiting abnormal electrolyte levels at the time of admission.