Menstrual Status, Anesthetic Consumption, and PONV

Hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle may influence anesthetic requirements and susceptibility to postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). However, the relationship between menstrual phase and intraoperative anesthetic consumption remains unclear.

This prospective observational cohort study will include female patients undergoing elective cholecystectomy under general anesthesia. No intervention will be applied beyond standard clinical practice. Intraoperative anesthetic drug consumption will be recorded quantitatively. Postoperative nausea and vomiting will be evaluated during the early postoperative period using validated assessment tools.

Inclusion criteria

• Female patients aged 18 to 65 years
• American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I-II-III
• Scheduled for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anesthesia
• Willing and able to provide written informed consent

Exclusion criteria

• Age outside the specified range (younger than 18 or older than 65 years)
• Male patients
• American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status ≥ IV
• Severe systemic comorbidities (e.g., significant cardiovascular, hepatic, renal, or pulmonary disease)
• Conversion from laparoscopic to open cholecystectomy
• History of alcohol, drug, or substance abuse
• Visual or hearing impairment interfering with study assessments
• Current hormone replacement therapy
• Use of oral contraceptives
• Preoperative nausea or vomiting
• History of severe postoperative nausea and vomiting
• Neurological or psychiatric disorders affecting assessment reliability
• Hemodynamic instability during surgery
• Postoperative admission to intensive care unit
• Acute cholecystitis at the time of surgery
• Refusal to participate or inability to provide informed consent