The Effect of a Single Training Session on Changes in Inflammatory, Hormonal, and Metabolic Markers in Athletes

The study aims to assess how wrestlers' bodies respond to a single, intense training session. The study focuses on short-term changes in markers of inflammation, the hormonal system (stress hormones, catecholamines), and the metabolic system. This enables a deeper understanding of the physiological mechanisms underlying fatigue development and post-exercise recovery.

Each participant will attend one standard training session, as outlined in the training plan. As part of the study, three venous blood samples will be collected:

• Before training - at rest, to determine baseline values;
• Immediately after training;
• 24 hours after exercise - to evaluate recovery processes.

Blood samples will be analyzed in the lab to determine:

• inflammatory markers (hsCRP, IL-6, TNF-α),
• muscle damage marker (CK),
• stress hormones (adrenaline, noradrenaline, cortisol),
• metabolic indicators (urea, creatinine, total protein, albumin, uric acid). The project does not require any additional supplementation, dietary changes, or modifications to the training plan.

Participating in the study will provide insights into each participant's individual response to intense exercise, including fatigue, inflammation, and hormonal balance. The results can help tailor training load more effectively and improve recovery.

Participation in the study is completely voluntary. Participants may withdraw from participation at any time, without giving a reason, without any consequences. Withdrawal from the study will not affect their subsequent athletic training. All data obtained during the study will be treated confidentially and processed solely for scientific purposes. Results will be compiled in aggregate form, preventing the identification of individual participants.

The study protocol was approved by the Bioethics Committee.

Inclusion criteria

• Currently engaged in regular strength-endurance wrestling training.
• Medically cleared for high-intensity exercise by a sports physician.
• Willingness to participate and provide written informed consent.
• Availability to attend the training session and all blood sampling time points (pre-training, immediately post-training, 24 hours post-training).

Exclusion criteria

• Presence of acute or chronic illness that may affect exercise performance or physiological response.
• Recent musculoskeletal injury limiting participation in high-intensity training.
• Use of medications or supplements that may interfere with hormonal, inflammatory, or metabolic markers.
• History of endocrine disorders, adrenal insufficiency, or other conditions affecting catecholamine or cortisol levels.
• Inability or unwillingness to comply with study procedures.