The Effectiveness of Serious Game-Based Training for Nursing Students in Postpartum Haemorrhage Management

This randomized controlled trial evaluated the incremental effect of adding a web-based serious game to standard theoretical instruction on third-year nursing students' postpartum hemorrhage management knowledge, task-specific self-efficacy, and self-regulated learning. Using census recruitment, all 159 eligible students were invited, and 120 students consented and were randomly allocated in a 1:1 ratio to the intervention or control group (60 participants per group) using randomly permuted blocks of four. Both groups received the same three 40-minute theoretical sessions. The intervention group additionally completed an individual, self-paced, 30-50-minute browser-based serious game featuring a single branching postpartum hemorrhage scenario, clinical decision-making, and immediate physiological feedback. The control group received no additional educational activity before the immediate posttest assessment. Outcomes were assessed at baseline before randomization and immediately after the intervention or control condition. Outcome data were analyzed by an independent analyst blinded to group coding.Data will be collected using the PPK Management Knowledge and Skills Assessment Form and the PPK Management Self-Confidence Scale.

Completed

Looking for future studies?

Notify Me

Key information

Conditions

Nurse Education Female Urogenital Diseases and Pregnancy Complications Game-Based Learning Hemorrhage Nursing Care Nursing Students Obstetric Labor Complications Pathologic Processes Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms Postpartum Hemorrhage Pregnancy Complications Puerperal Disorders Self-Efficacy Urogenital Diseases Uterine Hemorrhage

Sex eligibility

All sexes

Study type

Interventional

Phase

Not applicable

Primary location

Sakarya University

Adapazarı, Sakarya, Turkey (Türkiye)

Who can participate

Healthy volunteers accepted: Yes

Only the study team can determine whether someone qualifies for participation.

Inclusion criteria

Enrollment as a third-year nursing student in the Obstetrics and Gynecology Nursing course.
Voluntary agreement to participate and provision of electronic informed consent.
Access to an internet-enabled smartphone, tablet, or laptop for using the web-based serious game.

Exclusion criteria

Absence during the scheduled intervention session. Incomplete submission of the data collection forms.

Treatment and study plan

Web-Based Serious Game

Other

A browser-based serious game (Version 1.0) comprising a single branching clinical scenario on the recognition and management of primary postpartum hemorrhage. Participants made clinical decisions, observed the physiological consequences of their choices, and received immediate formative feedback. The game was completed individually in a single continuous attempt lasting approximately 30-50 minutes.

Primary outcomes

Postpartum Hemorrhage Management Knowledge Assessment Form (PHM-KAF)

Time frame: At baseline before randomization and immediately after the intervention or control condition.

The researcher-developed PHM-KAF is a 15-item multiple-choice assessment of knowledge and clinical decision-making accuracy related to postpartum hemorrhage risk assessment, etiology (the 4Ts), and evidence-based management. Each correct response is scored as 1 and each incorrect response as 0, yielding a total score ranging from 0 to 15. Higher scores indicate greater postpartum hemorrhage management knowledge. Content validity was evaluated by nine academic experts specializing in women's health and obstetric nursing (S-CVI/Ave = 0.96).

Secondary outcomes

Postpartum Hemorrhage Management Self-Efficacy Assessment Form (PHM-SEAF)

Time frame: At baseline before randomization and immediately after the intervention or control condition.

The researcher-developed PHM-SEAF is a 10-item, task-specific assessment form measuring nursing students' perceived self-efficacy in postpartum hemorrhage management. Items are rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree), yielding a total score ranging from 10 to 50. Higher scores indicate greater task-specific self-efficacy. Content validity was evaluated by nine academic experts specializing in women's health and obstetric nursing (S-CVI/Ave = 0.94).
Self-Regulated Learning Scale for Clinical Nursing Practice

Time frame: At baseline before randomization and immediately after the intervention or control condition.

The Self-Regulated Learning Scale for Clinical Nursing Practice is a 16-item, 5-point Likert-type instrument comprising two subdimensions: Motivation and Learning Strategies. Total scores range from 16 to 80, with higher scores indicating stronger self-regulated learning.

Sponsors and collaborators

Lead sponsor

Sakarya University

Other

Registry information

Official study title

The Effectiveness of Serious Game-Based Training for Nursing Students in Postpartum Haemorrhage Management: A Randomised Controlled Trial

Important dates

Study start: 2025
Primary completion: 2025
Study completion: 2025
First posted: Nov 17, 2025
Registry last updated: Sep 1, 2026

OpenTrials presents study information sourced from ClinicalTrials.gov. The official registry record should be consulted for the latest information.

View the official ClinicalTrials.gov record (opens in a new tab)

This listing is for discovery and informational purposes only. It is not medical advice, does not guarantee that a study is recruiting, and does not determine eligibility. Contact the study team and a qualified healthcare professional when considering participation.

Published trials that share one or more normalized conditions with this study.

Completed