Intra-articular Corticosteroids Are Widely Used for Adhesive Capsulitis, But Alternatives Are Required for Patients With Contraindications. Hyaluronic Acid (HA) and Ketorolac Have Shown Individual Benefits. However, Evidence on Their Combination Remains Limited.

Adhesive capsulitis, or frozen shoulder, is characterized by pain and stiffness due to capsular inflammation and fibrosis. Corticosteroid injections are commonly used but may be contraindicated in some patients. Hyaluronic acid (HA) and ketorolac each have shown benefit, yet evidence on their combined use is limited.

This randomized, double-blind, controlled trial enrolled 56 adults with adhesive capsulitis. Participants were randomized 1:1 to receive either HA plus ketorolac or ketorolac alone as a single intra-articular injection, followed by standardized rehabilitation. Follow-up assessments were conducted at 2, 6, 12, and 24 weeks.

The primary outcome was functional outcome measured by the Thai SPADI. Secondary outcomes included pain (VAS), PROM, analgesic use, and adverse events. Both groups improved significantly in function and pain, without significant between-group differences. However, the HA+ketorolac group showed modest but significant improvements in external rotation and adduction range of motion. Safety outcomes were favorable in both groups, with only one mild adverse event reported.

This study demonstrates that intra-articular HA combined with ketorolac and ketorolac alone are safe and effective alternatives to corticosteroid injection for adhesive capsulitis. The combination may provide additional benefit in range of motion recovery and can be considered in patients for whom corticosteroids are unsuitable.

Eligible participants were adults diagnosed with adhesive capsulitis defined by limitation of shoulder motion ≥25 degrees in at least two planes compared to the contralateral side

Inclusion criteria

• Adults aged 18-70 years
• Symptom duration of 1-12 months
• Provision of informed consent.

Exclusion criteria

• History of trauma or prior surgery to the affected shoulder
• Bilateral adhesive capsulitis
• Uncontrolled diabetes (HbA1C > 7%)
• Abnormal thyroid function
• Prior intra-articular injection in the affected shoulder
• Full-thickness rotator cuff tear on imaging
• History of gastrointestinal bleeding
• Known allergy to hyaluronic acid or NSAIDs
• Systemic conditions affecting joint pain (e.g., SLE, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis)
• Neurological disorders affecting muscle strength or sensation coagulopathy or bleeding disorders withdrawal or refusal of consent at any time