Smoking Cessation Intervention Development for Homeless Youth

Primary outcomes

1. Youth's Psychological and Physical Capacity

   Time frame: 60 minute semi-structured interview

   Factors associated with participant's psychological and physical capacity which have prompted them to smoke in the past were captured during semi-structured interviews. In-person interviews followed a semi-structured interview guide. Questions were grounded in the Capability-Opportunity-Motivation for Behavior model, a theoretical framework that describes how intersecting psychosocial and environmental factors influence behavior. Questions were designed to elicit data on factors influencing tobacco use at a specific moment in time (participants' "last smoke") with the intent to optimize supportive cessation interventions for this population.

2. Youth's Physical and Social Factors

   Time frame: Approximately 90 minute interview

   Coping with homelessness was assessed using the Brief COPE to examine strategies used for coping or regulating cognition in response to stressors; participants were specifically asked to focus on their housing situation. This measure includes 28 items combined to form 14 subscales. Scores on each subscale range from 2 to 8 with higher scores indicating greater use of the strategy.

3. Motivation to Quit

   Time frame: Approximately 90 minute interview

   Interest in quitting in the next 30 days is an exemplar Phase-Based Model (PBM) for Cessation Research motivation phase treatment outcome measure. Participants reported if and when they planned to quit, derived from, "Do you plan to quit for good?" and "When do you plan to quit for good? In the next (7 days, 30 days, 6 months, year, more than a year from now)."

4. Past Quit Attempts

   Time frame: Approximately 90 minute interview

   Number of past year quit attempts: a proxy for past willingness to quit. Participants reported the number of quit attempts in the past year: "In the past 12 months, how many times have you quit smoking for at least 24 hours in a serious attempt to quit?"

5. Confidence in Ability to Quit in Next 6 Months

   Time frame: Approximately 90 minute interview

   Confidence in ability to quit in the next 6 months was measured with: "If you did try quitting smoking altogether in the next 6 months, how likely do you think you would be to succeed - not at all, a little likely, somewhat likely or very likely?"

6. Motivations for Smoking

   Time frame: Approximately 90 minute interview

   The Tobacco Motives Inventory was used; 15 questions, each scored on a 5-point Likert scale, were combined into four sub-scales: social motives, self enhancement motives, boredom relief motives, and affect regulation motives. Higher scores on each sub-scale indicate a higher motivation to smoke.

   Social motives: Sum of 4 items, scores range from 4 to 20 Self enhancement motives: Sum of 4 items, scores range from 4 to 20 Boredom relief motives: Sum of 2 items, scores range from 2 to 10 Affect regulation motives: Sum of 5 items, scores range from 5 to 25

7. Rewards From Quitting Smoking

   Time frame: Approximately 90 minute interview

   We measured 15 different rewards from smoking: "What are the benefits of smoking to you? Check all that apply"