Screening Instruments for Measuring Visual Symptoms in Victims of Concussion

Development and validation of the VisCom questionnaire consisting of 42 items and establishing a cut-off score, with the aim of uncovering subjective visual symptoms after mTBI. The patients can score their visual symptoms on a Likert scale from 1-5, where one is "never" and five is "always". The higher score the more severe symptoms. The patient symptom score will be compared to the control group symptom score.

Valid questionnaire consisting 16 items, assessing symptoms after mTBI. The patients can score their visual symptoms from 1-5, one is "not experienced at all" and five is "a severe problem". The higher score, the more server symptoms.

A test of the eyes ability to converge and diverge using a 12 pd base out and 3 pd base in vergence flipper. The result is measured in cycles per minute, using a vertical line of letters 0,4/0,6 ≤ 35 years, and 0,4/1,0 >35 years.

A test of the eyes ability to maintain fusion at 0,4 meter using rotary prism, both positive and negative fusional vergence. The result is measured in prism diopters using a vertical line of letters 0,4/0,6.

A test of the eyes ability to accommodate using the Accommodation and Near Point Rule. The result is measured in cm using a vertical line with letters 0,4/0,6 with patients ≤ 35 years. The test is done separately with right and left eye.

A test of the eyes ability to accommodate and relax using a using a ± 2.00 accommodative flipper. The result is measured in cycles per minute, using a vertical line of letters 0,4/0,6 patients ≤ 35 years.

A test of the eyes natural alignment or misalignment using Modified Thorington Test measured in prism diopters at 6 meter and 0,4 meter.

A test of the eyes ability to converge using the Accommodation and Near Point Rule. The result is measured in cm using a vertical line with letters 0,4/0,6 ≤ 35 years, and 0,4/1,0 >35 years. The test is repeated twice in the optometry clinic and twice using an eye-tracking setup.

A test of the of saccades using 3 test cards and one demonstration card, in the optometry clinic and also using an eye-tracking setup. The result is measured in seconds and errors in total.

An eye-tracking test of the participant's reaction time for a visual target appearing after a random delay. The result is measured as delay from the target appears to the following reactions: eye movement initiation, target fixation. Additionally, the accuracy of the initial fixation is measured. The test is repeated 24 times with delays drawn from three normal distributions. The delays are identical between participants.

An eye-tracking test of the participant's ability to follow a moving circular target placed in a grid of identical moving targets. The target's position and direction of movement is indicated before the test is started. The result is measured as average fixation accuracy over the test period. The test is repeated 24 times with varying movement speed, direction, and target size.

An eye-tracking of the participant's ability to quickly move their eyes between two targets in a given timeframe. The targets are circular and vary in size and position for each test repetition. The result is measured in number of correct saccades between the targets as well as the average fixation error (fixation distance outside target).

An eye-tracking of the participant's ability to follow a small circular target's movements across a screen at various speeds and movement patterns. The test is repeated a total of 25 times comprised of 5 movement speeds for each of 5 patterns (horizontal line, vertical line, two diagonal lines, circle). The result is measured as average target deviation, number and duration of blinks, and number and amplitude of saccadic movements.

An eye-tracking test of the participant's ability to hold each eye still in an outward position for a duration of 10 seconds. The result is measured in the number and amplitude of saccadic movements over the time period.

A test and evaluation of the eyes depth perception using polaroid glasses and Random Dot Stereotest. The result is measured in seconds of arc.

The Vectogram no. 12 test is done at 0,4 meter, while the patient is reporting how exhausting the test is on a score from 1-5, where one is "easy and without trouble" and 5 is "unbearable exhausting". The result from the Vectogram no. 12 is measured in prism diopters.