Soccer Intervention in Prostate Cancer Survivors

Bone mineral density will be measured by dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan at the lumbar spine (L2-L4). Decreased BMD a is associated with an increased risk of fractures.

Bone mineral density will be measured by dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan at the hip. Decreased BMD a is associated with an increased risk of fractures.

Osteocalcin is marker of bone formation. The normal range for osteocalcin varies by lab and elevated levels are seen in patients with bone diseases characterized by increased bone turnover.

C-terminal telopeptide of collagen (CTx) is a bone resorption marker. Increased levels indicate increased bone resorption with conditions such as osteoporosis and osteopenia.

Weight is measured in kilograms (kg).

Body Mass Index (BMI) is weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters.

Body fat is measured by dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan.

Waist circumference is measured in centimeters (cm).

Lean body mass is body weight minus weight from body fat.

The normal resting heart rate in adults is between 60 and 100 beats per minute (bpm). A lower resting heart rate indicates that the person has better fitness as the heart is working more efficiently.

Systolic blood pressure (BP) will be measured while sitting using a calibrated electronic blood pressure sphygmomanometer at Baseline and at 3 months post-intervention. A normal systolic blood pressure reading is lower than 120 mmHg. BP values higher than 120 mmHg correlate with worse outcome.

Diastolic blood pressure (BP) will be measured while sitting using a calibrated electronic blood pressure sphygmomanometer prior to any activity (Baseline) and at 3 months post-intervention. A normal diastolic blood pressure reading is lower than 80 mmHg. BP values higher than 80 mmHg correlate with worse outcome.

Aerobic capacity is measured by 6 minute walk test distance (meters).

Muscle strength is measured as hand grip strength (kg). Hand grip was measured using a study approved dynamometer to test the maximum isometric strength of the hand and forearm muscles of the dominant hand. An increase in values means that grip strength is improving.

Physical activity self-efficacy is assessed with the BREQ-2 instrument. The BREQ-2 has 19 items measuring motivation to exercise, with 5 motivational styles examined: intrinsic regulation (the respondent finds physical activity enjoyable), identified regulation (the respondent sees benefits of physical activity), introjected regulation (physical activity is done to increase self-esteem or avoid negative feelings with not performing exercise), external regulation (physical activity is done based on rewards or punishments from someone else), and amotivation (the respondent has no motivation to engage in physical activity). Responses are given on a 5 point Likert scale where 0=not true for me, and 4=very true for me. A relative autonomy index (RAI) can be calculated by weighting the scores for each motivational style factor. The weights range from 3 to -3 and total RAI scores range from -24 to 20. Higher scores indicate greater self-determined motivation to engage in physical activity.

The dietary intake is measured using the Nutrition Database System for Research (NDSR) 24-hour dietary recall. The NDSR is a dietary analysis software application used to collect and calculate nutritional intake.

Smoking habits are assessed with the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2019-2020 for smoking and tobacco use. This instrument includes 24 items and the number of questions that a respondent answers depends on their past and current smoking behaviors. Participants are asked if they currently smoke cigarettes and possible responses are: "every day", "some days", and "not at all".

Number of alcohol beverages per week will be recorded.

Average sleep time will be collected in minutes per day.

Participants will be asked to wear a Garmin fitness tracker throughout the study and physical activity will be measured as steps taken per week.

Quality of life is assessed with the SF-12 Health Survey. The SF-12 is a multipurpose, standardized self-report short form survey with 12 questions assessing mental and physical functioning. The SF-12 consists of 12 items with a Likert-type response format that measures quality of life with a Physical Component Summary (PCS) and Mental Component Summary (MCS). Subscales associated with the PCS include physical functioning, role limitations due to physical problems, bodily pain, and general health perceptions. Subscales associated with the MCS include vitality (energy and fatigue), social functioning, role limitations due to emotional problems, and mental health. A scoring algorithm is used to generate a total score for each component ranging from 0 to 100. Low values represent a poor health state while high values represent a good health state.

Symptoms of depression are assessed with the CESD. The CESD is a 20-item questionnaire asking about feelings and behaviors during the past week. Responses are given on a 4-point scale where 0 = rarely or none of the time (less than 1 day), 1 = some or a little of the time (1-2 days), 2 = occasionally or a moderate amount of time (3-4 days), and 3 = most or all of the time (5-7 days). Scores range from 0 to 60 with high scores indicating greater depressive symptoms.