Cardiovascular Effects of Muscle Relaxation During Laparoscopic Surgery

Inclusion criteria

ASA 1-3;

• Scheduled for lower laparoscopic abdominal surgery;
• Ability to give oral and written consent;

Exclusion criteria

• Known or suspected neuromuscular disorders impairing neuromuscular function;
• Allergies to muscle relaxants, anesthetics or narcotics;
• A (family) history of malignant hyperthermia;
• Women who are or may be pregnant;
• Preexisting cardiac disease (any);
• Untreated or uncontrolled hypertension;
• COPD gold 3 or higher
• Preexistent esophageal pathology (stricture, tumor, diverticulum)
• Any increased risk factor for upper gastro intestinal tract bleed:
• History of GI surgery;
• History of GI bleed;
• Esophageal varices;
• Gastric or esophageal inflammation;
• Severe thrombocytopenia (less than 50k) or severely elevated INR (>4).