Effect of FISH Intake on MEtabolic Health in a Diabetic South Asian popuLation (FISH MEAL)

During the study period, participants will be asked to maintain their routine dietary and social habits to avoid changes in body weight. In addition volunteers will be asked to record their weights first thing in the morning on the same set of scales every week. Any changes can be documented in a food frequency questionnaire. Volunteers without diabetes will be recruited for baseline data and will not be involved in the 16-week intervention study. Diabetic volunteers will be randomized by BioSS in batches of ~20 people into the diabetic control or the diabetic fish intervention group that will be matched for gender, age and BMI. The diabetic control group will be asked to continue with their routine dietary habits while the diabetic fish intervention group will be asked to substitute poultry or red meat with 2 tins of mackerels each week. Study kits will be posted two weeks before the study initiates to consenting volunteers.

All volunteers will be asked to provide finger prick blood spots on filter paper at week 0, while subjects allocated to diabetic control and diabetic fish intervention groups will be asked to provide blood spots again at week 8 and 16. A dried blood spot (DBS) sampling kit containing two Whatman 903 filter papers, two lancets, alcohol pads, bandaids, guidelines on spotting blood on filter paper, prepaid envelope, FFQ, tinned mackerel and a fish recipe book. Every volunteer will be asked to prick the inside tip of a non-dominant finger and gently spot a total of ten circles in the filter papers. A volunteer might experience slight discomfort when the lancet goes into the finger. The volunteers will then allow the filter paper to dry for about an hour before closing the flap over the filter paper. All information and tools to help with obtaining the dried blood spots, as well as guidelines on how to spot blood on filter paper will be included with the DBS kit. Volunteers are required to spot 2 filter papers at one collection point and post them in a pre-paid envelope complete with a return address.

The DBS samples will be analyzed for omega 3 index, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), triglycerides, Vitamin D status, genetic (TCF7L2 7903146) and epigenetic marker (FADS 174546) of lipid and glucose control.

Non-diabetic group:

Inclusion criteria

• Of South Asian origin (defined by country of birth, last name and self-report ethnicity)
• Men and women between the age of 25 and 65;
• Body mass index (BMI) of ≥23 kg/m2 according to WHO classification for Asian population;
• Ability to speak, read and understand the English language.

Exclusion criteria

• Use of tobacco;
• Use of insulin or oral hypoglycaemic agents;
• Use of medications that are known to affect lipid metabolism,
• Haemophiliacs,
• Use of medications that are known to generally alter the haemostatic system;
• Diagnosis of diabetes;
• Diagnosis of hypertension, renal, hepatic, haematological disease or coronary heart disease;
• Have previously donated blood for transfusion purposes within the last month;
• Inability to understand participant information sheet.

Diabetic control intervention and diabetic fish intervention group:

Inclusion criteria

• Of South Asian origin (defined by country of birth, last name and self-report ethnicity)
• Men and women between the age of 25 and 65;
• Body mass index (BMI) of ≥23 kg/m2 according to WHO classification for Asian population;
• Diagnosed with diabetes only controlled by diet and lifestyle;
• Ability to speak, read and understand the English language.

Exclusion criteria

• Use of tobacco;
• Use of insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents;
• Use of medications that are known to affect lipid metabolism;
• Haemophiliacs;
• Use of medications that are known to generally alter the hemostatic system;
• Diagnosis of hypertension, renal, hepatic, haematological disease or coronary heart disease;
• Have previously donated blood for transfusion purposes within the last month;
• Inability to understand participant information sheet.