Effect of Rye Bread Breakfasts on Eight Hour Satiety Ratings

Energy-dense foods that require little effort to consume and that are rapidly digested may cause passive over-consumption by failure to provide a feeling of fullness corresponding to the energy content. A diet that is predominantly based on such foods may lead to overweight. It is therefore important to identify properties of foods that facilitate energy balance by creating a high satiety per calorie. A number of studies have confirmed that foods naturally rich in dietary fiber promote the feeling of fullness and reduce hunger in the short term.

Inclusion criteria

• age between 20 and 60 years
• body mass index (BMI) 18-27 kg/m2
• a habit of consuming breakfast, lunch and dinner everyday
• fasting plasma glucose 4.0-6.1 mmol/L
• haemoglobin (Hb) in men 130-170 g/L, in women 120-150 g/L
• thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 0.3-4.0 mlE/L
• willingness to comply with the study procedures

Exclusion criteria

• intake of medicine likely to affect appetite or food intake
• any medical condition involving the gastrointestinal tract
• eating disorder
• smoking
• consumption of more than three cups of coffee per day
• change in body weight of more than 10% three months prior to screening
• consumption of any restricted diet such as vegan, gluten-free, slimming etc.
• pregnancy, lactation or wish to become pregnant during the study period